应用描述词汇约简的OGC地理信息服务演绎推理

针对OGC地理信息服务在地理空间知识的有效组织和表达方面的能力比较弱,缺乏对服务信息的描述,数据丰富而知识缺乏,致使已有的数据在知识的表示和检索上存在缺陷,通过引入地理本体,按照基础地理信息要素分类,对地理信息服务的关键描述词汇进行提取,构建了地理信息服务本体库和实例数据库,应用粗糙集理论建立关键描述词汇约简模型,基于该模型实现了对地理信息服务实例数据库进行知识约简,形成最优实例数据库。最后应用地理信息服务本体库和实例数据库,基于演绎推理模型开发实例原型系统,实现了对地理信息服务对象的语义检索和推理,并通过试验从查全率和查准率两个指标验证了该方法的可行性、有效性和准确性。     

On Methods of Teaching Geography

This study investigates the location and varying spatiality of questions in geography textbooks. The results show that study questions posed in page margins address the three components of spatial thinking—concepts of space, using tools of representation, and processes of reasoning—more than questions in other locations within the text. Three practices are particularly recommended to help students develop spatial thinking skills through answering textbook questions: (1) utilize page-margin questions; (2) select questions around spatial representations; and (3) focus on higher-level cognitive processes.     

Spatial Thinking Concepts in Early Grade-Level Geography Standards

ABSTRACT

Research in the cognition and learning sciences has demonstrated that the human brain contains basic structures whose functions are to perform a variety of specific spatial reasoning tasks and that children are capable of learning basic spatial concepts at an early age. There has been a call from within geography to recognize research on spatial cognition in a meaningful way in primary school curriculum. This article utilizes the spatial thinking taxonomy proposed by Gersmehl and Gersmehl (2006) to examine to the extent to which spatial thinking concepts are being practiced in U.S. schools. The National Geography Standards and forty-nine state social studies or geography standards are examined. Using standards as a measure of geography content, it is concluded that while some of spatial thinking concepts appear often in curriculum, others are largely absent. Designing geography standards that address the findings of spatial cognition research may serve as a means of improving geography instruction.     

An Evaluation of University World Geography Textbook Questions for Components of Spatial Thinking

ABSTRACT

Geography textbooks contain chapter or review questions that may engage students in spatial thinking. This research used Jo and Bednarz’s (2009) Taxonomy of Spatial Thinking to evaluate the percentage of spatial thinking questions in four university-level world geography course textbooks. The results from this study were then compared to the findings in Jo and Bednarz’s (2009) analysis of high school geography textbooks. Thirty-five percent of university level textbook questions are related to spatial thinking compared to twenty-four percent in high school geography textbooks. The results provide information useful to stakeholders, such as teachers, administrators, and textbook writers and may help these stakeholders to consciously incorporate the three components of spatial thinking as defined by the National Research Council (2006). A simplified taxonomy for identifying spatial-thinking concepts in textbook review questions is also suggested.     

案例推理的制图综合应用背景与方法

从挖掘和利用经验数据的角度出发,提出了基于案例推理的智能化制图综合方法。首先探讨了基于算法和模型的自动综合实现方式所面临的瓶颈,并提出了采用制图综合案例推理辅助制图综合的思想;然后设计了制图综合专家案例的三元表示方法,以及获取、使用和管理流程;最后对实现该基于案例推理的智能化制图综合方法的五个关键性步骤进行了分析,并深入阐述该方法的原理和可行性,提出了基于案例推理的智能综合辅助系统架构。     

Context inference and prediction modeling in ubiquitous health GIS

The ever‐increasing population in cities intensifies environmental pollution that increases the number of asthmatic patients. Other factors that may influence the prevalence of asthma are atmospheric parameters, physiographic elements and personal characteristics. These parameters can be incorporated into a model to monitor and predict the health conditions of asthmatic patients in various contexts. Such a model is the base for any asthma early warning system. This article introduces a novel ubiquitous health system to monitor asthmatic patients. Ubiquitous systems can be effective in monitoring asthmatic patients through the use of intelligent frameworks. They can provide powerful reasoning and prediction engines for analyzing various situations. Our proposed model encapsulates several tools for preprocessing, reasoning and prediction of asthma conditions. In the preprocessing phase, outliers in the atmospheric datasets were detected and missing sensor data were estimated using a Kalman filter, while in the reasoning phase, the required information was inferred from the raw data using some rule‐based inference techniques. The asthmatic conditions of patients were predicted accurately by a Graph‐Based Support Vector Machine in a Context Space (GBSVMCS) which functions anywhere, anytime and with any status. GBSVMCS is an improved version of the common Support Vector Machine algorithm with the addition of unlabeled data and graph‐based rules in a context space. Based on the stored value for a patient's condition and his/her location/time, asthmatic patients can be monitored and appropriate alerts will be given. Our proposed model was assessed in Region 3 of Tehran, Iran for monitoring three different types of asthma: allergic, occupational and seasonal asthma. The input data to our system included air pollution data, the patients’ personal information, patients’ locations, weather data and geographical information for 270 different situations. Our results showed that 90% of the system's predictions were correct. The proposed model also improved the estimation accuracy by 15% in comparison to conventional methods.     

3D-GIS中方向关系描述及其推理

方向关系是描述一个物体与另一个物体的相对位置关系。现有文献主要研究二维空间方向关系的描述和定性推理,二维空间中方向关系的描述和推理相对比较完善。本文采用投影方法给出三维空间方向关系描述模型,研究了单方向关系的推理,在此基础之上给出了单方向与多方向关系的定性推理,以及多方向关系与多方向关系间的定性推理。最后研究单方向关系定性推理的一些规律。     

Monitoring qualitative spatiotemporal change for geosensor networks

Recent technological advances in geosensor networks demand new models of distributed computation with dynamic spatial information. This paper presents a computational model of spatial change in dynamic regions (such as may be derived from discretizations of continuous fields) founded on embeddings of graphs in orientable surfaces. Continuous change, connectedness and regularity of dynamic regions are defined and local transition rules are used to constrain region evolution and enable more efficient inference of a region's state. The model provides a framework for the detection of global high‐level events based on local low‐level ‘snapshot’ spatiotemporal data. The approach has particular relevance to environmental monitoring with geosensor networks, where technological constraints make the detection of global behaviour from local conditions highly advantageous.     

基于模糊推理的空间聚类方法研究

提出了基于模糊推理的空间聚类方法,给出了其实现步骤,并以实例验证了其可行性和科学性。     

矿业城市可持续发展困境原因探析

矿业城市是指由于矿业资源的开采而形成的城市。长期以来,矿业城市在我国的经济建设中做出了重大贡献。然而,随着矿产资源的耗减和体制改革的深化,矿业城市在目前发展中普遍存在资源衰竭、污染严重、管理体制不合理等问题。特别是在当今全球经济一体化的新形势下,矿业城市面临着更加严峻的挑战,如何合理有效地利用资源,确保矿业城市可持续发展,文章对矿业城市发展中存在的主要问题及目前出现困境的原因进行了分析,并提出了我国矿业城市摆脱困境的对策和建议。