Origin and biochemical cycling of particulate nitrogen in the Mandovi estuary

Mandovi estuary is a tropical estuary strongly influenced by the southwest monsoon. In order to understand, sources and fate of particulate organic nitrogen, suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected from various locations, was analyzed for particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON), δ¹³C_POC, total hydrolysable amino acid enantiomers (l- and d- amino acids) concentration and composition. δ¹³C_POC values were depleted (−32 to −25‰) during the monsoon and enriched (−29.6 to −21‰) in the pre-monsoon season implying that OM was derived from terrestrial and marine sources during the former and latter season, respectively. The biological indicators such as C/N ratio, d-amino acids, THAA yields and degradation indices (DI) indicate that the particulate organic matter (POM) was relatively more degraded during the monsoon season. Conversely, during the pre-monsoon, the biological indicators indicated the presence of relatively fresh and labile POM derived from autochthonous sources. Amino acids such as alanine, aspartic acid, leucine, serine, arginine, and threonine in monsoon and glutamic acid, glycine, valine, lysine, and isoleucine in pre-monsoon were relatively abundant. Presence of bacterial biomarker, d-amino acids in the SPM of the estuary during both the seasons signifies important contribution of bacteria to the estuarine detrital ON pool. Based on d-amino acid yields, bacterial OM accounted for 16-34% (23.0 ± 6.7%) of POC and 29-75% (47.9 ± 18.7%) of PON in monsoon, and 30-78% (50.0 ± 15%) of POC and 34-79% (51.2 ± 13.3%) of the PON in pre-monsoon in the estuary. Substantial contribution of bacterial-N to PON indicates nitrogen (N) enrichment on terrestrial POM during the monsoon season. Transport of terrestrial POM enriched with bacterial OM to the coastal waters is expected to influence coastal productivity and ecosystem functioning during the monsoon season.     

Rare earth elements in suspended and bottom sediments of the Mandovi estuary, central west coast of India: Influence of mining

Rare earth elements (REEs) in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) of the Mandovi estuary indicated that the mean total-REEs (∑REE) and light REE to heavy REE ratios are lower than that of the average suspended sediment in World Rivers and Post-Archean average Australian shale. High ∑REE were associated with high SPM/low salinity and also with high SPM/high salinity. Although the ∑REE broadly agree with SPM levels at each station, their seasonal distributions along transect are different. SPM increased seaward in the estuary both during the monsoon and pre-monsoon, but consistently low at all stations during the post-monsoon. The mean ∑REE decreased marginally seaward and was <25% at sea-end station than at river-end station. Spatial variations in ∑REE are maximum (64%) during the pre-monsoon. Strong to moderate correlation of ∑REE with Al, Fe and Mn in all seasons indicates adsorption and co-precipitation of REEs with aluminosilicate phases and Fe, Mn-oxyhydroxides. The ratio of mean ∑REE in sediment/SPM is low during the monsoon (1.27), followed by pre-monsoon (1.5) and post-monsoon (1.62). The middle REE- and heavy REE-enriched patterns with positive Ce and Eu anomalies are characteristic at every station and season, both in SPM and sediment. They also exhibit tetrad effect with distinct third and fourth tetrads. Fe-Mn ore dust is the most dominant source for REEs. However, the seasonal changes in the supply of detrital silicates, Fe-Mn ore dust and particulates resuspended from bottom sediments diluted the overall effect of salinity on fractionation and distribution of REEs in the estuary.     

常Q滞弹性介质地震波动数值模拟——时域本构优化逼近

在地震波动模拟中计入常Q滞弹性阻尼,可有效降低模拟波形的误差.就时域有限差分和有限元模拟而言,常基于广义标准线性体建立阻尼介质的时域本构逼近.广义标准线性体由若干标准线性体并联得到,增加标准线性体个数能有效提高模拟精度,但计算量及计算存储将成倍增长.目前尚未有普适的标准线性体个数优化取值方案.本文基于广义标准线性体参数的非线性优化拟合方法,详细分析了时域本构逼近误差的影响因素,清楚揭示了逼近误差仅取决于频带宽度,与频带上下限取值无关这一特性,阐明了构建具有普适性标准线性体个数优化取值方案的可行性.论证了波形模拟精度主要取决于波传播距离与模拟波长的比值以及标准线性体的个数取值.综合考虑上述两个控制因素,结合在波动正反演问题中广为采纳的波形时频误差衡量准则,对不同Q值介质给出了标准线性体个数优化取值表.进一步,本文提出采用不同个数标准线性体以近似不同Q值的阻尼介质时域本构,解决了以往波动数值模拟中统一采用相同个数标准线性体而导致的计算量及计算存储浪费或模拟精度低下等问题,并基于数值实验验证了这一方法的精度.本文工作对推进滞弹性介质波动数值模拟及其在全波形反演问题中的应用具有理论价值和实践意义.

     

台风“灿鸿”对长江口外海域悬浮体分布的影响

台风作为事件性的强动力因素,其对河口海域沉积环境的影响目前研究较少,开展典型台风事件对长江口外海域悬浮体分布的影响研究对于深入理解长江径流挟带陆源物质向东海陆架扩散机制等具有重要意义。利用2015年09号台风"灿鸿"过境前后长江口外海域现场调查数据,分析台风前后长江口外水体结构和悬浮体粒度分布变化,结合同期环境观测数据与开源数据,阐明台风对河口外海域悬浮体分布的影响机制。结果表明:长江口外海域悬浮体中细颗粒组分(≤ 128μm)主要为无机矿物颗粒,而粗颗粒组分(>128μm)主要是生源有机颗粒。生源有机粗颗粒主要分布于中上层水体,而无机细颗粒主要分布于底层水体,使得长江口外海域悬浮体平均粒径分布呈双层结构。台风前后悬浮体粒度分布变化反映了台风对长江口外海域物理和生物过程的双重影响,其中物理过程主要影响无机细颗粒分布变化,生物过程主要影响有机粗颗粒。台风期间强烈的偏北风使得长江冲淡水在口门外海域由东北输运转为往东输运,与长江冲淡水输运方向一致的表层无机细颗粒在台风后输运方向同样往东。另外,台风作用在河口区产生的下降流将12250-4站位底部再悬浮的泥质沉积物向东搬运至12300-4站,导致12300-4站底层悬浮体浓度增加、粒度变细。台风过境还造成长江口外海域初级生产力提高,而浮游植物生长对悬浮体中有机粗颗粒的形成有促进作用,使得口门外海域上层水体中有机粗颗粒体积浓度升高。长江口外海域由于台风过境导致悬浮体中无机细颗粒和生源有机颗粒含量均增加,使得其平均粒径整体变化不大。     

边坡稳定分析的神经网络改进模糊点估计法

边坡稳定性分析中,模糊点估计法能同时考虑模糊不确定性和随机不确定性因素。针对传统模糊点估计法计算工作量大的缺点,提出一种神经网络改进模糊点估计法。利用拉丁超立方抽样法和径向基函数神经网络（RBF）建立边坡安全系数的预测模型;对黏聚力和内摩擦角等模糊随机变量取λ截集,并在各截集水平对参数进行组合;利用建立的预测模型对各参数组合的安全系数进行预测;最后由统计矩点估计法计算边坡的可靠度指标。实例分析表明：改进模糊点估计法使用方便、结果可靠,且能通过增加λ截集水平的数目来提高计算精度。对于含有2～4个模糊随机变量的边坡,采用改进模糊点估计法计算可靠度时λ截集水平的数目可近似取25。     

四川盆地东北部气田海相碳酸盐岩储层固体沥青研究

川东北地区海相碳酸盐岩生物礁滩相储层中普遍存在着固体沥青.本文以普光气田上二叠统长兴组和下三叠统飞仙关组储层中固体沥青为研究对象,在显微镜下观察固体沥青的产状特征,测定固体沥青含量和计算固体沥青与储层孔隙的体积比率,分析固体沥青的成因及形成期次,推算古油藏的密度.普光气田飞仙关组固体沥青主要呈环边状附于鲕粒白云岩、残余鲕粒白云岩晶间溶孔,溶蚀孔壁,沥青含量在1.11%～5.73%之间,均值2.92%;长兴组生物礁储层固体沥青多呈团块状充填于各种溶蚀孔洞中,沥青含量0.31%～11.72%之间,均值3.57%.两套储层中的固体沥青含量都有随埋深而减少的趋势.飞仙关组储层中固体沥青与储层孔隙的体积比约为22%,长兴组为43%～56%.普光气田储层固体沥青为热演化成因并为两期形成,飞仙关储层固体沥青为轻质油古油藏裂解形成,长兴组储层固体沥青为稠油古油藏裂解形成.     

利用GVG线采样技术提取农作物种植面积及其精度分析

GVG(GIS&Video&GPS)线采样系统提出以线状样区代替以往成数抽样中的点样区与面积样区概念,通过统计线状样区内作物种植面积成数来反映区域总体农作物种植面积成数。通过 GVG实地采样,将其结果与解译遥感影像提取的作物种植面积成数结果进行了对比分析,结果显示采用GVG线采样方式精确度较高,其采样系统具有实用性和推广价值。     

Moon-based Earth observation: scientific concept and potential applications

Although Earth’s surface parameters obtained from satellite data have become more and more precise, it is still difficult to guarantee temporal consistency and spatial continuity for large-scale geoscience phenomena. Developing new Earth observation platforms is a feasible way to improve the consistency and continuity of such data. As the planet’s only natural satellite, the Moon has special advantages as a platform for observing Earth, including long lifetime, whole disk view, tectonic stability and unique perspective. After presenting the observation geometry constructed by using the ephemeris, this paper mainly discusses the characteristics of a lunar platform and the proper Moon-based sensors, as well as the scientific objectives of Moon-based Earth observation. Solid Earth dynamics, the energy budget of Earth, Earth’s environmental elements and the Earth-space environment are four potential applications analysed in this paper.     

浅层钻探技术在海南某矿区化探取样中的应用研究

主要介绍了浅层钻探技术（包含浅层钻探设备和工艺方法）在海南某矿区的化探取样中的应用。针对该矿区遇到的问题,给出了解决方案。阐述了浅层钻探技术代替槽探、坑探在某些地区的先进性和必要性。最后提出了浅层钻探技术进一步研究的建议。     

国内超声波测距研究应用现状

本文结合超声波测距原理,对超声波回波信号处理、新型换能器研发、发射脉冲选取的国内研究现状,以及该技术在液位测量、移动机器人定位和避障、汽车防撞、曲面仿形检测的应用现状作了综述,分析了超声波测距系统现阶段存在的常见问题,相应提出了解决方案,并对超声波测距的发展与应用趋势进行了展望.