An Integrated Mapping Approach to Petroleum Exploration on the Pratt Anticline,Pratt County,Kansas

A quantitative map comparison/integration technique to aid in petroleum exploration was applied to an area in south-central Kansas. The visual comparison and integration of maps has become increasingly difficult with the large number and different types of maps necessary to interpret the geology and assess the petroleum potential of an area; therefore, it is desirable to quantify these relationships. The algebraic algorithm used in this application is based on a point-by-point comparison of any number and type of spatial data represented in map form. Ten geological and geophysical maps were compared and integrated, utilizing data from 900 wells located in a nine-township area on the Pratt Anticline in Pratt County, Kansas. Five structure maps, including top of the Lansing Group (Pennsylvanian), Mississippian chert, Mississippian limestone, Viola Limestone (Ordovician), and Arbuckle Group (Cambro-Ordovician), two isopachous maps from top of Mississippian chert to Viola and Lansing to Arbuckle, a Mississippian chert porosity map, Bouguer gravity map, and an aeromagnetic map were processed and interpreted. Before processing, each map was standardized and assigned a relative degree of importance, depending on knowledge of the geology of the area. Once a combination of weights was obtained that most closely resembled the pattern of proved oil fields (target map), a favorability map was constructed based on a coincidence of similarity values and of geological properties of petroleum reservoirs. The resulting favorability maps for the study area indicate location of likely Mississippian chert and lower Paleozoic production.     

科尔沁沙地人工林下结皮发育对表土特性影响的研究

通过野外取样和室内分析相结合,对科尔沁沙地不同生长年限人工林下土壤结皮的理化性质及结皮发育对表层土壤特性的影响进行了初步研究。结果表明,3 a、15 a生杨树林下分别发育了物理结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮,15 a、25 a生樟子松林下均发育了苔藓结皮,结皮的厚度、紧实度、水分、粘粉粒含量及全效、速效养分等随物理结皮向苔藓结皮的发育依次增加。同时,结皮的存在增加了其下层土壤颗粒组成中的极细沙和粘粉粒含量,富集了结皮下土壤的有机质、全N、全P、速效N、速效P等养分,而且结皮对下层土壤的这些影响作用从物理结皮、地衣结皮到苔藓结皮呈逐渐增长的趋势。同一结皮下土壤粘粉粒含量、养分含量在0—5 cm范围内由表及里呈递减趋势,但均高于对照无结皮层相对应的值。25 a生樟子松林下发育的苔藓结皮及其下层土壤的理化状况明显优于其他人工林下结皮的情况。     

天山北坡高山林线分布的生态地理特征

综合利用多源遥感影像和实地勘察资料识别天山北坡高山林线分布格局,结合区域气象数据和土壤理化性质,分析天山北坡林线分布的生态地理特征。结果表明:①天山北坡林线分布高度大约在2 600～2 850 m,从西向东林线分布高度呈上升趋势,奇台至巴里坤段林线高度上升最为显著;伊犁河谷段与玛纳斯段林线垂直宽度较宽。②影响天山北坡林线分布高度的关键气候因子为生长季温度（如年生物学温度3.35 ℃,最热月均温10.49 ℃,生长季均温8.26 ℃）,特别是年生物学温度,能较好的指示天山北坡高山林线分布位置,且各气候指标均在全国均值范围之内,而影响巴音布鲁克地区森林发育的主要原因为冬季低温干旱。③伊犁林线过渡带和玛纳斯林线过渡带有机质、全氮及全磷的含量最高;酸碱性大致以阜康林线为界,向西呈酸性,向东呈碱性;土壤营养物质主要分布于表层（0～10 cm）,深层(30～80 cm)含量低且变化不显著,具有明显的“表聚现象”;下层土壤pH值从西向东逐渐由弱酸性向弱碱性过渡;电导率空间变异性较强,各层变化特征不显著。     

Ice- and cryogel-soil composites in water-retaining elements in embankment dams constructed in cold regions

There are a number of serious problems connected with building and repairing water-retaining elements in embankment dams in cold regions. One of them is the difficulty in finding inexpensive clay materials with the necessary structural properties and using them in the winter. Another is the cracks that appear in the upper part of a dam when the core freezes to the banks, and leakage along the cracks threatens to destroy the dam. Still another is the process of erosion at the bottom of the core which may occur through fissures in the rock foundation of a dam and in transport constructions. Also, the behaviour of water-retaining elements during earthquakes is unreliable. All of these problems can be solved by using ice- and cryogel-soil composites created by cryotropic gel formation (CGF). Our laboratory investigations demonstrate that the materials proposed for water-retaining elements have the necessary permeable, plastic, thermophysical, and strength properties to solve all of these problems. Certain constructions of water-retaining elements which may prove to be both safe and cost-effective are proposed. However, these ice- and cryogel-soil composites need to be field-validated before they are used in dams and transport structures in cold regions.     

273.15 到 308.15 K下二元体系（LiCl-H2O 和 MgCl2-H2O）和三元体系（LiCl-MgCl2-H2O）的体积性质研究

用高精度振动管在 273.15 至 308.15 K 的温度范围内以 5 K 的间隔对两个二元系统（LiCl-H2O 和 MgCl2-H2O）和三元系统（LiCl-MgCl2-H2O）的密度进行了实验测定密度计。基于 Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman (VFT) 方程,对 LiCl(aq) 和 MgCl2(aq) 密度与温度和摩尔浓度的相关方程的系数进行了参数化。 Young的理想混合规则被成功地应用于基于相关的二元解性质关联三元系统的密度。根据二元和三元体系的体积特性数据,根据 Pitzer 离子相互作用理论,得到 Pitzer 单盐参数和混合离子相互作用参数。在本工作中确定了三元体系在恒定离子强度下的混合体积 (ΔVm)。     

青藏高原东缘玛曲沙化高寒草地土壤理化性质北大核心CSCD

沙漠化是青藏高原东缘高寒草地退化的重要指征,土壤理化性质是反映草地沙化过程的重要特征参数。以青藏高原东缘玛曲县为例,分析天然草地和轻度、中度、重度、极重度沙化草地土壤粒度组成、温湿度、有机碳和养分等因子的差异特征,旨在阐明高寒草地沙化过程中土壤理化性质的变化。结果表明:草地土壤黏土和粉沙含量随着沙化的发展显著减小,而沙颗粒含量(细沙和中沙)随着沙化程度的增加而增大;5—8月生长季,重度沙化土壤相比轻度沙化土壤温度明显升高,土壤含水量明显降低;随着沙化程度的增加,土壤有机碳含量显著降低,轻度沙化减少50%以上,中度至极重度沙化草地减少91%—99%;土壤全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)、全磷(TP)、有效磷(AP)等含量在轻度以上沙化草地中显著降低,而全钾(TK)变化不明显,速效钾(AK)仅在中度至极重度沙化草地中含量降低。高寒草地沙化进程中,随着植被盖度的不断降低,表层细颗粒物逐渐风蚀、土壤养分流失,粗颗粒物质保留下来,土壤含水量降低,在风的分选作用下不断堆积形成流动性沙丘。     

Advances in studies on concrete durability and countermeasures against freezing-thawing effects

This paper is a meta-analysis of recent domestic and foreign research on freezing-thawing effects on concrete durability. The main theories on the mechanisms of freeze-thaw damage to concrete are introduced： the hydrostatic pressure theory, the osmotic pressure theory, the critical water saturation degree theory, the dual mechanism theory, and the micro-ice-crystal lens model theory. The influence laws of freezing-thawing on the mechanical properties of concrete are summarized, and countermeasures to improve concrete durability in freezing-thawing circumstances are presented. This work provides valuable references for future engineering constructions in cold regions.     

Acacia salicina, Pinus halepensis and Eucalyptus occidentalis improve soil surface conditions in arid southern Tunisia

Despite low growth rates, plants in arid areas have a strong ability to modify soil surface properties affecting ecosystem processes and community dynamics. But our knowledge on species effects on soil properties in these areas comes largely from observational studies, increasing the risk of confounding factors and precluding estimations of rates of change. We evaluated changes in soil surface properties underneath Acacia salicina, Pinus halepensis and Eucalyptus occidentalis in a 10-year-old common garden experiment established on a degraded Stipa tenacissima steppe in southern Tunisia. The three species tested improved soil properties compared to those of open areas. Acacia salicina ranked first as soil modifier as the soil underneath this species showed higher total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, soil CO₂ efflux and infiltration rate, and lower soil hydrophobicity than soil in open areas. The richness of vascular plants was higher under A. salicina than under the other types of cover. This species showed higher ability to improve microsite conditions and foster succession. Short rotations of A. salicina could thus be employed for the restoration of degraded S. tenacissima steppes provided that other aspects of its ecology are controlled. Pinus halepensis represents a good alternative when native species are a priority, albeit facilitative ability is lower.     

失水对海洋沉积物磁学性质的影响

为了探究沉积物的干燥过程及方式对其磁学性质的影响,选取含水率高的南海沉积物样品,对其中685个样品在自然条件下逐步晾干,并每间隔40 d测量1次低频磁化率（κlf）、高频磁化率（κhf）、饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）、S-300和频率磁化率系数（κfd）,共测量5次;对另外60个样品进行冷冻干燥,并在干燥前后测量相同的磁学参数。结果表明：1）自然晾干过程中,除少数异常点（约7%）外,大多数样品的κlf和κhf呈减小趋势,少数样品呈增大趋势,S-300和κfd均呈减小趋势,SIRM先减后增,整体上呈增大趋势;2）冷冻干燥过程中,样品的κlf、κhf、S-300和κfd呈增大趋势,SIRM呈减小趋势;3）2种干燥方法均不影响κlf、κhf、SIRM和S-300的剖面变化趋势,但对κfd的影响较大,这在磁学指标的古环境研究中具有关键的指示意义。磁学参数的变化,可能是由于失水过程发生的微弱氧化作用、失水导致水的抗磁性“负贡献”降低、细粒磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿在湿润状态下转变成顺磁性和不完全反铁磁性等综合因素造成的。建议对同一批次的样品采取相同的干燥方法。