自由网平差方法及统计特性新探

本文结合参数平差和主成分估计理论,导出了误差方程中含多重共线性时未知参数的求解公式,并以定理的形式,证明了主成分估计的解是极小范数解。由此,将主成分估计推广到秩亏网平差中,同时导出了未知参数估值之协因数阵的计算公式,同时,证明了自由网平差的传统特性。     

柴达木盆地东缘晚更新世气候变化的（古）土壤发生记录

柴达木盆地东缘典型剖面（古）土壤及其黄土线质的宏观特征和理化分析表明,本区晚更新世以来气候曾有几次较大的波动,反映了全球冰量影响的气候波动以及东亚季风气候的强弱变化特征。揭示出气候变化过程中温度和降水并不同步,温度主要受地球轨道变化引起的太阳辐射的影响;降水则主要取决于冬、夏季风的浊弱对比关系,夏季风盛行时,降水丰沛。间冰段古土壤Ｓｍ的土壤发生特征和强度,揭示了除低温引起的蒸发减少外,降水丰沛也是     

直接寻找油气田的土壤综合物性勘探方法技术

主要论述了用于直接寻找油气田的土壤综合物性勘探的机理和方法技术,包括土壤磁性（磁化率、天然剩磁、原生剩磁）、电性（电导率、氧化还原电位）、放射性等综合参数的利用。该方法成本低廉、野外施工简单、快捷,物性参数可在野外和实验室测定,属无源和非破坏性的勘探技术,为直接寻找油气田提供了一种新的思路和新的方法技术。     

Computer modeling and simulation of coalbed methane resources

Coal seam gas reservoirs are complex both geologically and in the mechanism of gas production. Understanding these naturally fractured reservoirs for two-phase (gas–water) flow conditions is often limited by a lack of data. This paper illustrates that reservoir simulation is a powerful tool which can be used to determine key data requirements, and how variability in reservoir properties and operating practices affect performance at the field level. The paper presents examples of how reservoir simulation can be used to assess the efficiency of well completions (fracturing or cavitation), identify candidate wells for remedial treatment, examine methane drainage in advance of mining, and assess the impact of errors in measured data on long-term gas production forecasts.     

Change in the magnetic properties of bituminous coal intruded by an igneous dike, Dutch Creek Mine, Pitkin County, Colorado

Magnetization measurements have been made on natural coke–coal samples collected at various distances from a felsic porphyry dike in a coal seam in Dutch Creek Mine, Colorado to help characterize the nature and distribution of the iron-bearing phases. The magnetization passes through a maximum at the coke-to-coal transition about 31 cm from the dike contact. The magnetic measurements support the geochemical data indicating that magmatic fluids along with a high-temperature gas pulse moved into the coal bed. Interaction of the magmatic fluids with the coal diminished the reducing power of the thermal gas pulse from the dike to a point about 24 cm into the coal. The hot reducing gas penetrated further and produced a high temperature (400–525°C) zone (at about 31 cm) just ahead of the magmatic fluids. Metallic iron found in this zone is the principal cause of the observed high magnetization. Beyond this zone, the temperature was too low to alter the coal significantly.     

南京汤山膨润土矿地质特征,物化性质及矿床成因

通过对南京近郊汤山膨润土矿床的矿区地质、矿床地质特征的分析,阐明了该矿床的成因及其矿石的物化性能。综合研究表明,该矿床是以流纹岩及凝灰岩为成矿原岩,在特定的条件下,经热液蚀变改造而形成的矿床。此矿床之矿石属钙基膨润土,经适当选矿后可用于深加工。     

Runoff and erosion processes and rates in the Zin valley badlands,northern Negev,Israel

Badland areas are usually regarded as impermeable zones which generate high runoff and are very vulnerable to sheetwash and rainsplash. To test those considerations sprinkling experiments using two rainfall simulators were carried out on slopes of varying aspect in the northern Negev (Israel). For one unit 1·5 m² plots were used with rainfall of natural characteristics at 36 mm/hr intensity and 43–48 minute duration, runoff being recorded and water/sediment samples taken every 5 minutes. The second unit was used on 30–50 m² plots but rainfall energy production was below that of natural rainfall. Results show that due to the high stability and strong flocculation of clay-rich aggregates rainsplash is ineffective in surface sealing so that infiltration capacities remain high despite intense, prolonged rainfall. Aspect differences are reflected in variation of surface properties despite homogenous bed-rock, which cause marked differences in hydrological response. North-facing slopes respond more quickly, more frequently and produce more runoff than south-facing slopes. Non-uniform runoff generation is also seen within plots of one aspect reflecting subtle variations in surface properties. Comparison of rainfall intensity and duration used during the experiments with those prevailing under natural conditions shows that under present day conditions surface flow in the Zin valley badlands must be extremely infrequent and denudation rates very low.     

On the external pressure capacity of deepwater sandwich pipes with inter-layer adhesion conditions

Sandwich pipes (SP), a composite structure consisting of two concentric steel tubes and a polymeric or cement-based core has been proposed to be well-insulated and withstand high installation and operational loads in deepwater oil and gas field. In the paper, the post-buckling responses and pressure capacity of sandwich pipes filled with the solid polypropylene annular were investigated. The degree of the inter-layer adhesion condition between the core layer and the surrounding pipes was modeled by the contact surfaces adopting different maximum shear strength values to allow the relative displacement between the layers. The effects such as inter-layer adhesion interactions, thickness-to-radius ratios, the core thickness, the material parameters, the relative initial ovality directions and the inelastic anisotropy on the collapse pressure of SPs were discussed. More than 2000 finite element (FE) models of the sandwich pipes with practical configurations were constructed and analyzed using the programming language Python within the FE software package ABAQUS. Based on the FE results, a simplified equation was developed and recommended for the collapse pressure calculation of sandwich pipes with the polypropylene annular.     

苏里格气田西区地层水成因、分布规律与控制因素

苏里格气田西区气井产水严重,地层水成因、分布规律及控制因素不明确,成为制约该区致密砂岩气开发的关键科学问题.在大量测井数据、生产动态数据收集的基础上,分析了苏里格气田西部地层水性质及地球化学特征,结果发现:地层水矿化度高,整体属于盐水;水型主要为CaCl2型;pH值范围为6～6.9,呈弱酸性.分析认为:1)地层水主要为...     

超声波/声波钻头/取心器装置

目前,对宇宙中生命迹象的探索是世界各国所关注的最重要的目标之一。美国宇航局研制了由超声波或者声波驱动器驱动的一系列超声波/声波钻头/取心器（USDC）,用来进行空间探测并提取岩石、冰与土壤样品,以及进行原位分析。此设备在声波频率下,超声波压电驱动器驱动中间的自由质量块进而冲击钻头来进行采样。目前所制造的超声波钻头/取心器（USDC）装置能够取出岩心和岩屑,在未来的行星探测中,有着非常重要的优点。主要介绍USDC的优点、各装置的结构及其性能特点,以供我国月球探测工程及未来深空探测参考借鉴。