DNA adducts in mussels and fish exposed to bulky genotoxic compounds

Biological and procedural factors can influence DNA adduct detection in aquatic organisms. Among them, functional structure and metabolic traits represent major biological determinants for adducts formed by lipophilic pro-mutagenic contaminants. In detecting DNA adducts through the 32P-postlabelling assay, efficiency in DNA purification, digestion, labelling, as well as adduct enrichment and quantification may explain differences between independent studies. Reference DNA adducts have been used to verify some 32P-postlabelling aspects. Data obtained for mussels and fish treated with benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and environmentally exposed to genotoxins confirm the above assertions. Although the 32P-postlabelling assay cannot be proposed for routine biomonitoring it appears a reliable and very sensitive index of exposure to genotoxic pollutants in both fish and mollusks.     

A computational model of the digestive gland epithelial cell of marine mussels and its simulated responses to oil-derived aromatic hydrocarbons

This paper describes a computational model of digestive gland epithelial cells (digestive cells) of marine mussels. These cells are the major environmental interface for uptake of contaminants, particularly those associated with natural particulates that are filtered from seawater by mussels. Digestive cells show well characterised reactions to exposure to lipophilic xenobiotics, such as oil-derived aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs), which accumulate in these cells with minimal biotransformation. The simulation model is based on processes associated with the flux of carbon through the cell. Physiological parameters such as fluctuating food concentration, cell volume, respiration, secretion/excretion, storage of glycogen and lipid, protein/organelle turnover (autophagy/resynthesis) and export of carbon to other tissues of the mussel are all included in the model. The major response to AHs is induction of increased autophagy in these cells. Simulations indicate that the reactions to AHs and food deprivation correspond well with responses measured in vivo.     

南沙海槽区表层沉积物的地球化学特征

对南沙海槽区73个表层沉积物的地球化学及沉积环境特征进行了研究。微量元素主要有Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Co、Cr、Sr、Ba和Zr，表现为亲陆性，常量组分为SiO2、AI2O3、TFe、CaO、MgO、K2O、Na2O、MnO、PO25、TiO2，表现为边缘海向深海过渡的沉积环境特点。沉积物质含有粘土组分、碳酸盐型生物碎屑组分、陆源碎屑非粘土组分以及火山碎屑、岛源物质，沉积环境与水深关系密切，在200m以浅，沉积物的供给复杂，沉积环境多变，在200m以深，沉积物的供给和沉积环境稳定。     

广西输电线路覆冰典型年份的环流特征分析

采用NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料、广西北部43个气象台站的温度、湿度、风、降水、导线覆冰等观测资料以及广西输电线路覆冰资料,建立雨凇覆冰厚度计算模型,并得出气象台站的历史覆冰厚度序列。采用数理统计和合成分析等方法研究典型覆冰年份的时空特征、环流背景及气象要素变化特征,结果发现:广西输电线路覆冰主要出现在冬季的桂北,并有逐年减轻的趋势,MannKendall突变检验表明,存在1个明显的突变点,出现在1985年;广西典型覆冰年份,500 hPa欧亚大陆中高纬地区呈明显的"两槽一脊"型,广西高空处于南支槽前,地面受冷高压脊控制;赤道中东太平洋,从夏季到秋季,海温由偏高转为偏低,到冬季SSTA维持为负距平,说明广西输电线路覆冰与LA NINA事件有较密切的关系。当日最低气温在0.2℃以下,风速5 m·s-1,并伴有雨凇和弱降水,低温寡照天气时容易出现覆冰。     

内蒙古典型草原区域Palmer气象干旱指数适用性分析

本研究选取我国内蒙古典型草原下垫面区域,进行PDSI在半干旱半湿润典型草原下垫面下的适用性分析。从各单点PDSI结果与区域平均PDSI的相关性结果以及PDSI与降水距平百分率、标准化降水蒸散指数、归一化植被指数以及实际干旱记载对比分析可以看出,PDSI结果与其余各干旱指标对比分析结果无论在时间趋势的一致性还是空间分布的吻合程度方面均很好的对应,说明PDSI在典型草原下垫面区域具有较好适用性,能很好反映此类下垫面状况下的干湿状况;同时,PDSI在指示频繁交替的旱涝时存在时间滞后性。研究结果可为PDSI在类似区域的精细化应用及在其余下垫面状况下的适用性分析提供参考。     

Persistent organic pollutants carried by synthetic polymers in the ocean environment

Thermoplastic resin pellets are melted and formed into an enormous number of inexpensive consumer goods, many of which are discarded after a relatively short period of use, dropped haphazardly onto watersheds and then make their way to the ocean where some get ingested by marine life. In 2003 and 2004 pre-production thermoplastic resin pellets and post-consumer plastic fragments were collected and analyzed for contamination for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Samples were taken from the North Pacific Gyre, and selected sites in California, Hawaii, and from Guadalupe Island, Mexico. The total concentration of PCBs ranged from 27 to 980 ng/g; DDTs from 22 to 7100 ng/g and PAHs from 39 to 1200 ng/g, and aliphatic hydrocarbons from 1.1 to 8600 microg/g. Analytical methods were developed to extract, concentrate and identify POPs that may have accumulated on plastic fragments and plastic pellets. The results of this study confirm that plastic debris is a trap for POPs.     

The role of organic matter in the sorption capacity of marine sediments

Past studies have suggested that desiccation enhances hydrophobicity of salt marsh sediment, and that drying and rewetting sediment can be used to investigate sorption mechanisms of amino acids and other organic compounds [Liu, Z., Lee, C., 2006. Drying effects on sorption capacity of coastal sediment: The importance of architecture and polarity of organic matter. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 3313–3324]. Here we further develop this technique to study sorption of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic compounds in a wide range of marine sediments. Our results show that hydrophilic compounds sorb strongly to wet coastal sediments; in dried sediments, sorption of hydrophilic compounds decreases, while sorption of hydrophobic compounds is greatly enhanced. Small compounds with aromatic rings sorb more in dried than wet coastal sediments, suggesting that aromatic groups have a stronger effect on sorption than polar groups like amino and carboxyl moieties. Sorption of lysine, glutamic acid and putrescine decreases greatly when sediment is pretreated with KCl, indicating the importance of cation ion exchange. However, α-amino acids sorb much more than corresponding β- or γ-amino acids, and l-alanine sorbs more than d-alanine, suggesting that amino group location and chiral selectivity play an important role in sorption. Comparison of lysine and tyrosine sorption in different sediments indicates that source and diagenetic state of organic matter are important factors determining sorption capacity. Lysine sorbs much more to organic detritus from salt marsh sediment than to fresh Spartina root materials, marine particles, lignin or humic acids, indicating the importance of structural integrity in sorption. Desorption hysteresis of glutamic acid, putrescine and lysine (in dried sediment) suggests the presence of enzyme-type sorption sites of high sorption energy or multiple binding mechanisms. Taken together, these findings suggest that organic matter plays the major role in amino acid sorption in organic-rich sediments.     

河南水灾变化及典型水灾年大气环流异常特征分析

利用河南1950-2007年的逐年水灾统计数据,对水灾年的时间特征进行分析,并对典型水灾年大气环流的异常特征进行分析,结果表明:在1950-2007年的58 a中,河南年年都出现水灾,全省水灾受灾面积66.7万hm2的有28年;66.7万hm2的有30年,约2年一遇;受灾面积133.3万hm2的有17年,约4年一遇;333.3万hm2的有4年,约15年一遇。在河南的典型水灾年,中高纬度的长波和南支系统都有很强的稳定性;亚洲中高纬阻塞形势非常明显,在西西伯利亚上空出现了强烈的偏北风分量,因而冷空气暴发南下非常频繁;副热带高压脊线在24°N左右,584 dgpm线呈西南东北走向,将来自孟加拉湾和南海的充沛水汽带到内陆。河南省正处于来自北方的冷空气和南支系统带来的暖湿气流交汇的区域,这是造成河南省出现严重水灾的主要原因。     

Characteristics of Oil Contamination and Numerical Modelling of Its Transport in Fracture-Karst Water in Zibo City,China

In this paper, the hydraulic characteristics of the fracture-karst aquifer and the distribution patterns of petrochemical contaminants are studied. Then, a numerical model using the mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is constructed to predict the distribution and transport of petrochemical compounds in groundwater. The results of numerical modelling and sensitivity analysis show that it may be a workable way for aquifer remediation to combine contamination sources control and capture zone establishment.