Sedimentary macro-structures and forming mechanism of debris flow

IIWr~IOWThesedimentarycharacteristicsofdebrisflowcanreflectthecompoSition,fluidtypeandsedimentaryprocess.ThescholarswhostudymoderndebrisfloWinChinagenerallyclassifydebrisflowbythemethodofviscositywithfloWpattern.SeveraltypicalschemesareshowninTable1,inwhichthemethodofunitweight(fluiddensityinunitvolumet/m3)isusedandfluidunitweightisthoughttobethedirectproPOSitiontotheviscosityofdebrisflow(Wu,1990).Ithasbeenprovedbyhydrcrmechacsthatnon-cohesivedebrisf1OwfollowsBagnoldgranular'flowmedel(B…     

可拓分类方法及其在流动单元分类中的应用

可拓学是研究事物拓展的可能性和拓展规律与方法的科学,它可以广泛的应用于各种矛盾和对立问题的解决.可拓分类方法是利用可拓学理论对事物类型归属进行研究的动态分类方法.为了解决储层流动单元分类中现存误判率较高的问题,本文利用可拓分类方法对储层流动单元分类进行了研究,并把利用可拓分类获得的流动单元分类结果与灰关联聚类法判别分析结果进行了比较,发现可拓分类方法具有更强的判别能力,具有实用性强、误判率低的特点,判别准确率可比灰关联聚类法提高15%.这种方法不仅仅适用于流动单元分类,对于油气勘探开发的很多环节都将具有适用性.     

沟谷型沙漠泥流堆积体起动过程中的孔压变化特性

以黄河上游宁蒙段典型风水复合侵蚀流域为研究区域,重点针对堆积体堵塞沟道极端条件下的沟谷型沙漠泥流,从堆积体起动成灾的环节入手,开展直槽概化模型试验,并采用基于有效应力原理的流固耦合模型,概化模拟上游暴雨洪水入渗条件下堆积体内孔隙水压力变化特性及其起动过程,从微观角度揭示其成灾机理。结果表明：堆积体起动过程中孔隙水压力与时间呈指数为0.5的幂函数关系;流固耦合作用下堆积体内经历了应力场→体积应变→孔隙率→孔隙水压力→渗流场→塑性应变→屈服破坏的复杂非线性变化过程。     

Interfacial instability of sand patterns induced by turbulent shear flow

When a turbulent shear flow above a plane sand surface entrains sand grains,it generates a variety of sand patterns.Fluvial sand forms two major interfacial patterns:meso-scale dunes and antidunes,and large-scale bars.Measurements have evidenced that under erosive conditions,meso-scale patterns either change to or coexist with large-scale patterns.However,it remains elusive what exactly drives the switching of interfacial patterns and how the switching occurs.Here,we showdcombing a flow model with a grain transport model,allowing for both the surface and suspended sand fluxes dthat the switching of patterns emerges from the shear-driven complex feedback between grain transport and topographic perturbations.The switching predominantly depends on the magnitudes of the Rouse number and the grain size to undisturbed flow depth ratio.The model offers quantitative predictions of the maximum amplification of sand patterns and unveils a new attraction erepulsion phenomenon.     

Visualization and analysis of local and distant population flows on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using crowd-sourced data

Human migration between cities is one important aspect of spatial interaction that not only reflects urban attractiveness but also denotes interactions amongst agglomerations.We therefore implemented a web-based visualization system to analyze and interactively explore local and distant population flow patterns between cities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP).We utilized 2017 Tencent population flow data from which we initially constructed inbound and outbound vectors for cities on the QTP.We then used multidimensional scaling to examine and visualize migration patterns and similarities between cities.Results reveal the presence of six local and three distant human mobility patterns on the QTP as well as aver-age summer monthly migrations more than twice the level of those in the winter.     

井筒电加热改善水平井蒸汽吞吐效果机理实验

针对稠油水平井蒸汽吞吐面临入井渗流阻力大、产量水平低、吞吐递减率高、采收率偏低等问题,提出了电加热辅助水平井蒸汽吞吐方法.首先根据水平井蒸汽吞吐过程中的电加热与蒸汽复合传热特征,建立了电加热辅助蒸汽吞吐三个阶段的(注汽阶段、焖井阶段、生产阶段)储层升温解析模型,在此基础上,设计并开展了电加热辅助蒸汽吞吐和常规水平井吞吐...     

The Quaternary Lancaster Sound trough‐mouth fan,NW Baffin Bay

The development of the Lancaster Sound Trough Mouth Fan (TMF) and glacial history in Arctic Canada were studied using a high‐resolution seismic profile across the entire fan and two piston cores. Stacked tills separated by erosion surfaces on the shelf pass seaward through till deltas into thick transparent glacigenic debris flow (GDF) deposits on the slope, separated by thin, well‐stratified glaciomarine layers. An age model was built by ties to the Ocean Drilling Program Site 645. The deepest GDF on the seismic profile was indicative of the onset of shelf‐crossing glaciation in the Early Pleistocene. The transition of the growth of Lancaster Sound TMF from an aggradational sequence (unit M) to an aggradational–progradational sequence (unit F) occurred at the Middle Pleistocene transition in glacial cyclicity. In the most recent glacial cycle, GDF sheets were deposited during Heinrich events 4 and 2 according to the correlation of the main detrital carbonate beds in two piston cores. The outmost till wedge reflects the maximum advance of the grounding glacier, far seaward of previously proposed Last Glacial Maximum ice extent. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An improved SPH method for saturated soils and its application to investigate the mechanisms of embankment failure: Case of hydrostatic pore‐water pressure

The method of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) has recently been applied to computational geomechanics and has been shown to be a powerful alternative to the standard numerical method, that is, the finite element method, for handling large deformation and post‐failure of geomaterials. However, very few studies apply the SPH method to model saturated or submerged soil problems. Our recent studies of this matter revealed that significant errors may be made if the gradient of the pore‐water pressure is handled using the standard SPH formulation. To overcome this problem and to enhance the SPH applications to computational geomechanics, this article proposes a general SPH formulation, which can be applied straightforwardly to dry and saturated soils. For simplicity, the current work assumes hydrostatic pore‐water pressure. It is shown that the proposed formulation can remove the numerical error mentioned earlier. Moreover, this formulation automatically satisfies the dynamic boundary conditions at a submerged ground surface, thereby saving computational cost. Discussions on the applications of the standard and new SPH formulations are also given through some numerical tests. Furthermore, techniques to obtain the correct SPH solution are also proposed and discussed throughout. As an application of the proposed method, the effect of the dilatancy angle on the failure mechanism of a two‐sided embankment subjected to a high groundwater table is presented and compared with that of other solutions. Finally, the proposed formulation can be considered a basic formulation for further developments of SPH for saturated soils. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A study of variability of annual river flow of the southern African region

Abstract

Variability of river flow is investigated in 502 river flow gauging stations in nine countries of the southern African region with a view to document the spatial variability of the river flow regimes. Those regions where there is strong evidence of declining or increasing trend in annual runoff have been identified. The study has shown that runoff in the region ranges from over 320 mm year^?1 in the Lower Zambezi and the highlands of Tanzania to less than 10 mm year^?1 in the deserts of Namibia and the Kalahari. There is also evidence of declining runoff in parts of Zambia, Angola, Mozambique and the High Veld in South Africa. The recent decline seems to have started from around 1975.