定点式声学多普勒流速仪的应用难点与误差分析

定点式声学多普勒流速仪(简称"HADCP")在国内已较为普及,但对其应用却多停留在表面,鲜有人研究其测验误差控制及参数优化方法,影响HADCP测流精度。为解决HADCP使用中的一些疑难问题,从流速仪测验误差表现的三方面对HADCP的测流误差开展讨论。以测验误差为控制指标,对HADCP在使用中各个环节的误差来源及应用难点进行分析,并以多个实例阐明提高仪器应用精度的优化设置方法。按照所论及方法进行对照检查并合理优化,可减小测流误差,提高HADCP测流方案的整体精度。     

Analysis of interaction between ship bottom air cavity and boundary layer

The successful designs of hulls for ships employing drag reduction by air bottom cavitation have been based on solutions of inverse problems of the theory of ideal incompressible fluid. However, prediction of the drag reduction ratio, the air demand by ventilated cavities and the cavity impact on the hull–propeller interaction is impossible in the framework of this theory because all mentioned characteristics depend on interaction of air cavities with the ship boundary layers. Because the known CFD tools are not fitted to ventilated cavitation at low Froude numbers, an analysis of this interaction requires a novel flow model. This model includes the incompressible air flow in the ventilated cavity, the compressible flow of a water–air mixture in the boundary layer on cavities and downstream of them and the curl-free incompressible outer water flow. The provided 2D computations employing this model allows for explanations of the earlier observed effects and for prediction of the air demand by ventilated cavities. The computed velocity profiles downstream of cavities are in the accordance with the available experimental data.     

Time-domain simulation of berthing problem between FPSO and shuttle tanker in waves

A time-domain simulation method based on potential flow model has been developed to investigate the berthing problem between two floating bodies in wave. The boundary value problem is formulated with respect to an earth-fixed coordinate system because the relative positions of the two vessels continuously change during the berthing operation. The classical finite element method is used to solve the Laplace equation in the fluid domain with moving boundary. The linearized free-surface boundary conditions are integrated in time by applying 4th-order Adams–Bashforth–Moulton method. A simple re-mesh algorithm with local and global mesh systems is introduced to update mesh by considering large horizontal movement of the berthing vessel. The developed numerical method is used to investigate the berthing problem between a FPSO and shuttle tanker in waves. The focus is on the wave-induced motion response during the berthing process. The characteristics of the motion responses in berthing operation are examined with various wave frequencies, berthing speeds and wave headings.     

Investigation of a longfin inshore squid's swimming characteristics and an underwater locomotion during acceleration

In the present study, locomotion of a real longfin inshore squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) was numerically investigated. Geometry of a real squid was obtained using computed tomography (CT) images. In addition to a two-dimensional axisymmetric squid model, a modified squid model with no cavities around her head and an ellipse shaped model were generated with a fineness ratio (the ratio of body length to maximum body diameter) of 7.56. These numerical models were exposed to an acceleration with two different velocity programs. Added mass and basset forces on bodies were calculated during acceleration of the squid models starting from rest. Pressure and viscous drag forces were also calculated due to pressure variation along the squid models and friction on the surface of the models. The effect of a nozzle diameter on jet velocities and propulsive efficiency at all bodies were evaluated when time dependent velocity profiles (from 0 to 10 m/s in 0.5 and 1 s time durations) were set for the inlet of computational domain. The modified squid model required least thrust force during acceleration phase of time dependent velocity profile compared to the other models while the 0.02 m nozzle diameter provided largest propulsive efficiency for all models.     

Ocean currents determine functional connectivity in an Antarctic deep‐sea shrimp

The coherency among larval stages of marine taxa, ocean currents and population connectivity is still subject to discussion. A common view is that organisms with pelagic larval stages have higher dispersal abilities and therefore show a relatively homogeneous population genetic structure. Contrary to this, local genetic differentiation is assumed for many benthic direct developers. Specific larval or adult migratory behavior and hydrographic effects may significantly influence distribution patterns, rather than passive drifting abilities alone. The Southern Ocean is an ideal environment to test for the effects of ocean currents on population connectivity as it is characterized by several well‐defined and strong isolating current systems. In this study we studied the genetic structure of the decapod deep‐sea shrimp Nematocarcinus lanceopes, which has planktotrophic larval stages. We analysed 194 individuals from different sample localities around the Antarctic continent using nine microsatellite markers. Consistent with a previous study based on mitochondrial DNA markers, primarily weak genetic patterns among N. lanceopes populations around the continent were found. Using ocean resistance modeling approaches we were able to show that subtle genetic differences among populations are more likely explained by ocean currents rather than by geographic distance for the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean.     

日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)秋繁仔虾形态表型与抗流性能间的相关性

于水温(18.0±1.0)°C、盐度20、pH 8.1±0.2条件下,以水流为胁迫因子(时长1min),以日本囊对虾秋繁同生群仔虾[总长(7.643±0.639)mm]为实验对象,以溢水口(实验初始时刻仔虾放置处)为起点,按等距离间距法将自制的水流测定装置(总长1m)依次划分为A(0—25cm)、B(25—50cm)、C(50—75cm)、D(75—100cm)和E(100cm)等五个区段,在确认实验终了时刻分布于A区段内仔虾数量占实验仔虾总数5%的水流速度为0.823cm/s后,以此为实验流速,借助显微扫描像素测量技术和多元分析方法定量研究了A、B、C、D、E实验群体(依次为实验终止时刻分布于A、B、C、D、E区段内的仔虾)个体间形态比例性状间的差异。结果表明:(1)在所涉15项形态测量指标中,各实验群体间均无显著差异(P0.05)的形态性状共计8项,依次为X_4(眼径)、X_5(头胸甲长)、X_6(头胸甲高)、X_7(第一腹节长)、X_8(第二腹节长)、X_9(第三腹节长)、X_~(10)(第四腹节长)和X_14(腹节高);(2)在所涉17项形态比例指标中,实验群体间均无显著差异(P0.05)的形态比例性状共计7项,依次为C_2(额剑长/总长)、C_9(第五腹节长/总长)、C_(10)(尾节长/总长)、C_(11)(尾扇长/总长)、C_(15)(头胸甲高/头胸甲长)、C_(16)(腹节高/第一腹节长)和C_(17)(尾节高/尾节长);(3)经主成分分析,提取到的5个特征值均大于1的主成分,累计贡献率达80.795%,其中第1主成分39.561%,其载荷绝对值大于0.5的主要影响变量占形态比例性状总数的47.059%;(4)将A实验群体定义为水流胁迫处理选留群,B、C、D、E实验群体统归为水流胁迫处理淘汰群。采用逐步判别法,以判别贡献率较大的C_1(第一触角柄长/总长)、C3(眼径/总长)、C7(第三腹节长/总长)、C13(额剑长/头胸甲长)为自变量,所建的Fisher分类函数方程组可较清晰地区分淘汰群和选留群个体,其中选留群的判别准确率P_1、P_2分别为98%和84.85%,淘汰群的判别准确率P_1、P_2分别为82.25%和97.63%,两者综合判别准确率为90.12%。综上可知,借助形态表型分型可实现日本囊对虾仔虾不同抗流性能群体间的筛选。     

使用多普勒超声成像比较栉孔扇贝与虾夷扇贝循环生理特征

将先进的多普勒超声成像技术运用于栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)和虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)循环生理学的研究中,首次量化了扇贝心率(HR)、血流加速度(ABF)、收缩峰值速度(PS)、舒张末期速度(ED)、血液最大瞬时血流量(Max-IBF)、血液最小瞬时流量(Min-IBF)、收缩期与舒张期流速比(S/D)和阻力指数(RI)等指标,对比了两种不同耐温性扇贝的循环生理指标差异。结果表明,两种扇贝HR、ABF、PS、ED、Max-IBF、Min-IBF与水温均呈正相关;在10—25°C间,栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝HR范围分别为16—39、14—31次/min,ABF范围分别为1.75—15.84、0.99—7.41cm/s2,PS范围分别为3.54—8.09、2.32—8.85cm/s,ED范围分别为1.51—3.15、1.09—4.23cm/s,Max—IBF范围分别为0.051—0.193、0.137—0.316m L/s、Min—IBF范围分别为0.025—0.072、0.022—0.131m L/s、RI范围分别为0.49—0.69、0.42—0.54,S/D范围为2.28—2.83、1.75—2.12。同一温度下栉孔扇贝的HR、ABF、PS、ED指标水平均高于虾夷扇贝,Max-IBF、Min-IBF水平均低于虾夷扇贝;两种扇贝RI和S/D指标均在一定范围内波动。研究显示,虾夷扇贝在较低的心脏和血流搏动节律下保持了高效的血液流通,从而以相对较少的能量消耗维持了其机体代谢对血液循环的需求,这也与其冷水性的生态习性相适应。     

Three dimensional seismic studies of deep-water hazard-related features on the northern slope of South China Sea

Mass transport deposits and geological features related to fluid flow such as gas chimneys, mud diapirs and volcanos, pockmarks and gas hydrates are pervasive on the canyon dominated northern slope of the Pearl River Mouth basin of the South China Sea. These deposits and structures are linked to serious geohazards and are considered risk factors for seabed installations. Based on high resolution three dimensional seismic surveys, seismic characteristics, distributions and origins of these features are analyzed. A distribution map is presented and geometrical parameters and spatial distribution patterns are summarized. Results show that various groups of the mapped features are closely tied to local or regional tectonism and sedimentary processes. Mass transport complexes are classified as slides near the shelf break, initially deformed slumps on the flanks of canyons and highly deformed slumps on the lower slope downslope of the mouth of canyons. We propose them to be preconditioned by pore pressure changes related to sea level fluctuations, steep topography, and fluid and fault activities. Gas chimneys are mainly located in the vicinity of gas reservoirs, while bottom-simulating reflectors are observed within the gas chimney regions, suggesting gas chimneys serve as conduits for thermogenic gas. Mud diapirs/volcanos and pockmarks are observed in small numbers and the formation of pockmarks is related to underlying gas chimneys and faults. This study aims at reducing risks for deep-water engineering on the northern slope of South China Sea.     

Fracture characteristics in Cretaceous platform and overlying ramp carbonates: An outcrop study from Maiella Mountain (central Italy)

This article focuses on field- and laboratory-based characterization of vertically persistent fractures that are part of oblique-slip normal fault zones and crosscut the Cretaceous platform and overlaying ramp carbonates outcropping at Maiella Mountain (central Italy). The achieved results show that: (i) fault damage zones are wider and more densely fractured in the platform carbonates than in the ramp ones; (ii) joints and sheared joints composing the fault damage zones are taller, better connected and less spaced within the former rocks than in the ramp carbonates. The aforementioned structural differences are interpreted to be a consequence of the different mechanical properties of the platform and ramp carbonates during failure. At Maiella Mountain, platform carbonates are, indeed, made up of overall stiffer (higher Uniaxial Compressive Strength values) and less porous rocks, due to more abundant intergranular void-filling cement and presence of matrix.In terms of hydrocarbon flow and recovery, geometric and dimensional attributes of fractures suggest that the well-connected network of closely spaced fractures cutting across the platform carbonates may form efficient pathways for both vertical and horizontal hydrocarbon flow. In contrast, the relatively poorly connected and low-density fracture network affecting the ramp carbonates is likely less efficient in providing fairways for flowing hydrocarbons.     

Numerical Investigation of Submarine Hydrodynamics and Flow Field in Steady Turn

This paper presents numerical simulations of viscous flow past a submarine model in steady turn by solving the Reynolds-Averaged Navier?Stokes Equations (RANSE) for incompressible, steady flows. The rotating coordinate system was adopted to deal with the rotation problem. The Coriolis force and centrifugal force due to the computation in a body-fixed rotating frame of reference were treated explicitly and added to momentum equations as source terms. Furthermore, velocities of entrances were coded to give the correct magnitude and direction needed. Two turbulence closure models (TCMs), the RNG model with wall functions and curvature correction and the Shear Stress Transport (SST) model without the use of wall functions, but with curvature correction and low-Re correction were introduced, respectively. Take DARPA SUBOFF model as the test case, a series of drift angle varying between 0° and 16° at a Reynolds number of 6.53×106 undergoing rotating arm test simulations were conducted. The computed forces and moment as a function of drift angle during the steady turn are mostly in close agreement with available experimental data. Though the difference between the pressure coefficients around the hull form was observed, they always show the same trend. It was demonstrated that using sufficiently fine grids and advanced turbulence models will lead to accurate prediction of the flow field as well as the forces and moments on the hull.