Observations of the Sunyaev–Zel''dovich effect at high angular resolution towards the galaxy clusters A665, A2163 and CL0016+16

We report on the first observation of the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect, a distortion of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB) by hot electrons in clusters of galaxies, with the Diabolo experiment at the IRAM 30 m telescope. Diabolo is a dual-channel 0.1 K bolometer photometer dedicated to the observation of CMB anisotropies at 2.1 and 1.2 mm. A significant brightness decrement in the 2.1 mm channel is detected in the direction of three clusters (Abell 665, Abell 2163 and CL0016+16). With a 30 arcsec beam and 3 arcmin beamthrow, this is the highest angular resolution observation to date of the SZ effect. Interleaving integrations on targets and on nearby blank fields have been performed in order to check and correct for systematic effects. Gas masses can be directly inferred from these observations.     

EQUILIBRIUM COASTAL PROFILES:Ⅰ. REVIEW AND SYNTHESIS

naomONProfilesonsandycoastSaresiInilarintheirmorphologyundersjmilarndbotandhydrodynandc(tidaluntandwave)conditions.SuchanobservationhastaltotheconceptofcoastalequilibriunLAssodatalwiththeconceptareanUInbeofcrudelissues,indudingt(i)theevidencetodemonstratetheexisteneeofequilibriny(ii)calculationsoftheshapeofanequilibriumcoastalprofile,and(iii)theperiodoftimerequbotoaschtheequilibriumstate(knownastheresponsetiIne).TherehaveformanyeffortSlookingforsolutionstotheseprobbo,sincethestudAsundCftak…     

华北地区重力场变化与构造运动的关系

根据重力场和形变场观测结果及其年变化率,结合均衡异常（经典和现代的补偿模型）和地质构造及其演化历史,探索了该区的重力场和构造运动特征。研究结果表明：华北地区处于再活动阶段;岩石圈弹性厚度薄,以致地壳破裂严重;有一大的正均衡异常区（北京以南）,说明此处质量运移多,也正是地震发生多的地带。     

高喜马拉雅中段近期的地壳运动——大地测量最新结果及其解释

基于１９９２、１９９６年两期ＧＰＳ重复观测资料,对喜马拉雅中段的地壳运动及其机制作了初步分析和探讨。结果表明：江孜（喜马拉雅）块体在喜马拉雅南侧和雅鲁藏布江北侧的水平挤压下,以１２ｍｍ／ａ缩短,这与Ｍｏｌｎｅｒ等所给出的５０～６０ｍｍ／ａ相比要小得多;喜马拉雅的垂直运动（隆起）速率各点平均值仅为５．３ｍｍ／ａ。最后,对喜马拉雅和青藏高原隆起的机理作了初步探讨。     

Aseismic fault movement before the 1995 Kobe earthquake detected by a GPS survey: implication for preseismic stress localization?

By inversion analysis of the baseline changes and horizontal displacements observed with GPS (Global Positioning System) during 1990–1994, a high-angle reverse fault was detected in the Shikoku-Kinki region, southwest Japan. The active blind fault is characterized by reverse dip-slip (0.7±0.2  m yr⁻¹ within a layer 17–26  km deep) with a length of 208±5  km, a (down-dip) width of 9±2  km, a dip-angle of 51°±2° and a strike direction of 40°±2° (NE). Evidence from the geological investigation of subfaults close to the southwestern portion of the fault, two historical earthquakes ( M _L=7.0, 1789 and 6.4, 1955) near the centre of the fault, and an additional inversion analysis of the baseline changes recorded by the nationwide permanent GPS array from 18 January to 31 December 1995 partially demonstrates the existence of the fault, and suggests that it might be a reactivation of a pre-existing fault in this region. The fact that hardly any earthquakes ( M _L>2.0) occurred at depth on the inferred fault plane suggests that the fault activity was largely aseismic. Based on the parameters of the blind fault estimated in this study, we evaluated stress changes in this region. It is found that shear stress concentrated and increased by up to 2.1 bar yr⁻¹ at a depth of about 20  km around the epicentral area of the 1995 January 17  Kobe earthquake ( M _L=7.2, Japan), and that the earthquake hypocentre received a Coulomb failure stress of about 5.6 bar yr⁻¹ during 1990–1994. The results suggest that the 1995  Kobe earthquake could have been induced or triggered by aseismic fault movement.     

新构造运动与水资源环境

讨论了新构造运动、新构造与水资源的关系。新构造是水系发育的基础,水系是新构造的反映;新构造运动、新构造对地下水的形成、分布、运移和富集以及水文地球化学性质及其变化都具有重要的控制作用。     

裂隙岩体水力等效连续介质中物理量的讨论

基于力学基本原理和等效原则．总结了裂隙岩体水力等效连续介质中一些物理量的定义。其中，从力的运动效果和对应应力状态性质两方面讨论了渗透作用力，证明了水力等效连续介质中渗透作用力运动效果等效的必然性和对应应力状态性质的一致性。     

A STUDY ON TYPHOON MOVEMENT PARTⅡ:DYNAMICAL ROLE OF SMALL TOPOGRAPHY AND THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER

The dynamic effects of small topography (in the sense of the characteristic height of the topography as compared with the vertical thickness of the system of motion) and the Ekman pumping caused by the frictional convergence in the bounary layer on the motion of a typhoon have been qualitatively discussed in this part based on the governing equation of typhoon motion derived in part I of this paper. The results show that a topographical ridge tends to attract the typhoon approaching it and this explains at least partially the phenomenon that the typhoon over the western Pacific tends to accelerate just before their making land fall over the coastal areas. It is also shown that the Ekman pumping at the top of the boundary layer favors the typhoon acceleration along the local steering current.     

青藏高原东南缘现今地球动力学研究

统一的晚第三纪青藏高原面和云南高原面，早更新世后完全分裂解体，海拔高度分别为４５００～５０００ｍ和２０００～２５００ｍ。二者间的北东向块断过渡带，地形自西北向东南层层倾斜、陡降，构成青藏高原东南缘，其鲜明的构造地貌、最新断裂活动、广泛的水热显示、强烈的地震活动表明这是一条现代构造活动带。跨该带的两期ＧＰＳ测量结果（１９９２，１９９４）揭示其为ＮＷ－ＳＥ向拉张性质，地壳与上地幔结构特征支持其属热动力和重力均衡调整边界     

地壳形变观测及其在地震科学研究中作用的评述

文章评述了地壳形变观测及其在地震科学研究中的作用，内容包括，地壳形 变观测的历史，地壳形变观测的体系，地壳地形变测在地震科学研究中的作用。