Ellipsoidal geoid computation

Modern geoid computation uses a global gravity model, such as EGM96, as a third component in a remove–restore process. The classical approach uses only two: the reference ellipsoid and a geometrical model representing the topography. The rationale for all three components is reviewed, drawing attention to the much smaller precision now needed when transforming residual gravity anomalies. It is shown that all ellipsoidal effects needed for geoid computation with millimetric accuracy are automatically included provided that the free air anomaly and geoid are calculated correctly from the global model. Both must be consistent with an ellipsoidal Earth and with the treatment of observed gravity data. Further ellipsoidal corrections are then negligible. Precise formulae are developed for the geoid height and the free air anomaly using a global gravity model, given as spherical harmonic coefficients. Although only linear in the anomalous potential, these formulae are otherwise exact for an ellipsoidal reference Earth—they involve closed analytical functions of the eccentricity (and the Earths spin rate), rather than a truncated power series in e². They are evaluated using EGM96 and give ellipsoidal corrections to the conventional free air anomaly ranging from –0.84 to +1.14 mGal, both extremes occurring in Tibet. The geoid error corresponding to these differences is dominated by longer wavelengths, so extrema occur elsewhere, rising to +766 mm south of India and falling to –594 mm over New Guinea. At short wavelengths, the difference between ellipsoidal corrections based only on EGM96 and those derived from detailed local gravity data for the North Sea geoid GEONZ97 has a standard deviation of only 3.3 mm. However, the long-wavelength components missed by the local computation reach 300 mm and have a significant slope. In Australia, for example, such a slope would amount to a 600-mm rise from Perth to Cairns.     

空间目标的聚合模型

本文定义了集合元素的聚合算子，简述其特性，以此聚合算子为基础，提出了空间目标的聚合模型。根据ＧＩＳ空间目标的属性，分析了聚合算子的表现形式。由此模型的特点可以得出：聚合模型适合于ＧＩＳ层次数据的组织，它能减少数据的冗余和维护数据的一致性。经概念及含义的比较，指出了面向对象的模型方法很适合此聚合模型的实施。     

线性综合模型用于崩滑体变形预报的研究

综合分析和比较了自回归模型和回归模型的特点,提出了采用线性综合模型来预报崩滑体变形的思想,以弥补自回归模型或回归模型预报的不足。实测资料的处理结果表明,综合线性模型具有特别的适用性。     

基于粒子群算法的组合模型在变形分析中的应用

在构建并联组合模型进行变形预测时,单项模型权值的确定是个关键问题。为了提高变形预测的精度,以基坑监测数据为例,采用GM(1,1)模型与ARMA模型进行组合,在拟合误差平方和最小的准则下,使用粒子群算法求解两单项模型的最优权值,进而构建并联组合模型进行变形预测。结果表明,该方法融合各单项模型的优势,可以提高预测精度,避免求解线性规划问题,具有较好的实用性。     

一种加快BDS精密单点定位初始化的方法

由于BDS卫星的星座特性及卫星的轨道和钟差的精度影响,使得传统消电离层组合精密单点定位(PPP)的初始化时间较长。针对上述问题,文中对附加电离层约束的非组合精密单点定位算法进行研究。首先介绍非组合PPP算法,分析其与传统PPP的差异;其次分别利用CODE电离层格网产品,以反距离加权算法计算的站星电离层延迟、低阶球谐函数建立的区域电离层产品等作为先验信息对非组合PPP进行约束。通过MGEX观测网实测数据静态和仿动态计算表明,相比传统消电离层组合PPP,附加电离层约束的非组合PPP能够有效缩短初始化时间,同时能够获得高精度的定位结果。     

Lidar-aided analysis of boreal forest backscatter at Ku band

This paper analyzes the backscatter of the microwave signal in a boreal forest environment based on a Ku -band airborne Frequency-Modulated Continuous Waveform (FMCW) profiling radar—Tomoradar. We selected a half-managed boreal forest in the southern part of Finland for a field test. By decomposing the waveform collected by the Tomoradar, the vertical canopy structure was achieved. Based on the amplitude of the waveform, the Backscattered Energy Ratio of Canopy-to-Total (BERCT) was calculated. Meanwhile, the canopy fraction was derived from the corresponding point cloud recorded by a Velodyne VLP-16 LiDAR mounted on the same platform. Lidar-derived canopy fraction was obtained by counting the number of the first/ the strongest returns versus the total amount of returns. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of radar-derived BERCT on lidar-derived canopy fraction and canopy height are investigated. A fitted model is derived to describe the Ku-band microwave backscatter in the boreal forest to numerically analyze the proportion contributed by four factors: lidar-derived canopy fraction, radar-derived canopy height, the radar-derived distance between trees and radar sensor and other factors, from co-polarization Tomoradar measurements. The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of the proposed model was 0.0958, and the coefficient of determination R2 was 0.912. The fitted model reveals that the correlation coefficient between radar-derived BERCT and lidar-derived canopy fraction is 0.84, which illustrates that lidar surface reflection explains the majority of the profiling /waveform radar response. Thus, vertical canopy structure derived from lidar can be used for the benefit of radar analysis.     

锚固站对BDS自主导航精度的影响分析

介绍了自主导航的轨道确定及时间同步观测方程。以北斗仿真全星座为对象,通过采用仿真星间及卫星与地面锚固站间观测值,进行了60 d自主导航解算,分别探讨了锚固站数量及锚固站观测连续性对北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）3类卫星自主导航精度的影响。结果表明：锚固站数量及观测连续性对RERR及CERR无影响;加入1个锚固站即可显著改进URE结果精度,继续增加锚固站数量虽然可进一步提高URE精度但其改进效果有限;锚固站观测中断时间越长,其对应自主导航精度越低。因此,在BDS自主导航运行模式下应保持较高的锚固站观测频次以保证自主导航精度;另外,锚固站数量及观测连续性对北斗系统3类卫星自主导航精度的影响无显著差异。     

绵阳市涪城区近十年土地利用动态监测及分析

近年来绵阳市土地利用变化现象表现十分明显,但缺乏比较深入的研究。本文根据绵阳市涪城区2000年和2010年的土地利用变化动态监测数据,利用CA-Markov模型对2020年的土地利用空间格局进行预测,并对引起该区土地利用变化的驱动力进行分析。     

博尔塔拉蒙古自治州植被覆盖度估算

针对传统植被覆盖度估算方法只能估算高密度覆盖的绿色光合植被的问题,该文提出了一种可进行绿色光合植被、非绿色光合植被和裸地覆盖度估算的方法,选取博尔塔拉蒙古自治州2010年和2016年的LandsatTM/OLI影像,通过构建NDVI-DFI特征空间提取端元特征值,运用像元三分模型估算,并与像元二分模型估算结果和实地采样估算结果对比。结果表明:像元三分模型估算与实际情况相符,且精度较好。2016年博州地区植被覆盖度较2010年增长显著,生态环境得到明显改善。像元三分模型能够较好地估算光合/非光合植被覆盖度,提高遥感获取植被信息的能力,为科学评估生态环境质量提供参考。     

广东省统一深度基准项目的设计研究

根据对广东省现有长期验潮站数量、分布以及水位数据情况的分析,确立了在已有长期验潮站的基础上,采用适当布设短期验潮站的方式,对长期验潮站进行加密补充;建立海区调和常数变化模型,并结合水深数据、卫星测高数据,构建海洋潮汐模型;最终建立深度基准模型的总体设计思路。广东省统一深度基准的建立,可实现深度基准面1985高程模型的构建,相邻测区间水深成果的无缝拼接,沿海水深成果与陆地地形成果的相互转换,GNSS技术下的水深测量(无验潮模式)以及对沿海范围内海岸线和海岛岸线的精确推算。