Sedimentation,suspension, and resuspension in Tasman Bay and Beatrix Bay,New Zealand,two contrasting coastal environments which thermally stratify in summer

Abstract

The influence of density stratification on sedimentation, suspension, and resuspension in Tasman Bay and Beatrix Bay, New Zealand, two contrasting coastal environments, was studied with specific reference to the implications for modelling aquaculture sustainability. Tasman Bay, an enhanced scallop (Pecten novaezelandiae Reeve) fishery, is a very large coastal indentation gently shelving to c. 20 m deep c. 10 km from shore and open to the Tasman Sea, whereas Beatrix Bay, an area of intense Greenshell? mussel (Perna canaliculus Gmelin) aquaculture, is a small (22 km² × 30–40 m deep) enclosed embayment off the side of the nearby Pelorus Sound. Sediment trap arrays were used to determine the vertical fluxes of suspended solids and the associated chlorophyll component. Benthic chambers were used to investigate sediment nutrient regeneration. In summer, salinity gradients in both bays are minimal or non‐existent because of low inputs of fresh water and density stratification is mainly controlled by water temperature. The data from mid summer exhibited different spatial distribution patterns for detritus and phytoplankton biomass (as indicated by chlorophyll) in these two very different bays, although they had similar turbulent environments. The density discontinuity at the thermocline had a strong influence on settling of phytoplankton. There was evidence of upwards entrainment of suspended paniculate matter into the upper water column from the thermocline in Beatrix Bay. Benthic resuspension was estimated to contribute up to 90% of the suspended solids caught in sediment traps near the sea floor in both bays. The trapping rate of phytoplankton was thought to be dependent on species dominance. Possible mechanisms of resuspension included turbulence in the benthic boundary layer, and high velocities below the thermocline associated with internal seiches. The presence of a mid water column chlorophyll maximum in Beatrix Bay is discussed in terms of nutrient and light regimes at the thermocline, and species composition. In Tasman Bay, the chlorophyll maximum was thought to be caused by resuspension of benthic microphytes and their subsequent confinement in a thin layer (2–4 m thick) of high turbulence between the thermocline and the seabed.     

藏东南峡谷地区不同下垫面地表通量变化特征及其与降水的关系

利用藏东南峡谷地区排龙站、丹卡站、卡布站、墨脱站四个站点2018年11月至2019年10月的涡动协方差仪观测资料,分析藏东南峡谷地区不同位置入口、中段和末端地表通量变化的特征及其与局地降水的关系.研究表明:地表通量月平均日变化特征为夜间潜热通量大于感热通量,日间呈单峰变化特征.排龙站和丹卡站感热11月至次年4月较强,5...     

连云港沿海近地层湍流强度特征

在对连云港沿海15个各类气象观测站2000—2009年8级以上强风样本统计分析基础之上,利用6座沿海梯度测风塔2005—2007年测风资料,探讨了连云港沿海近地层风湍流强度的时空分布规律及特点,并重点对不同类型天气系统引起的强风湍流演变特征及其对风电场影响进行剖析。研究结果表明:①风湍流强度具有很强的季节性,冬季小、夏季大,随高度增加而减小;②海面动力粗糙度对海上强湍流变化的影响有别于无强风及下垫面是陆地时;③在热带气旋影响区域,同一时段内可能会出现风速和湍流强度瞬时骤变现象;④海上强湍流出现在30m以上高度,陆地出现在底层,这一现象在不同天气系统引起的强风湍流变化中都有发现;⑤风机轮毂高度处有2.1%～3.8%的湍流强度特征值超过目前风机最大抗湍流强度设计标准,建议华东中、北部沿海地区风机抗湍流强度参数调整为0.31～0.41。     

城市地表热通量遥感反演及与土地类型的关系(英文)

Using ASTER(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiome-ter) infrared remote sensing data we inversed the parameters of urban surface heat fluxes applying the PCACA model and theoretical position algorithm,and then we analyzed the in-fluence of different land use types on the surface heat fluxes and energy balance.In this study,Kumagaya,a city in Saitama Prefecture,Japan,was selected as the experimental area.The result shows that the PCACA model is feasible for the surface heat fluxes estimation in urban areas because this model requires less parameters in the procedure of heat fluxes estimation in urban areas with complicated surface structure and can decrease the uncertainty.And we found that different land-use types have indicated the height heterogeneity on the surface heat fluxes significantly.The magnitudes of Bowen ratio in descending order are industrial,residential,transportation,institutional,dry farmland,green space,and water body.Under the same meteorological condition,there are distinct characteristics and regional differences in Bowen ratios among different surface covers,indicating higher sensible heat flux and lower latent heat flux in the urban construction land,while lower sensible heat flux and higher latent heat flux in the vegetation-covered area,the outskirt of the urban area.The increase of urban impervious surface area caused by the urban sprawl can enlarge the sensible heat flux and the Bowen ratio,so that it causes the increasing of urban surface temperature and air tem-perature,which is the mechanism of the so-called heat island effect.     

基于卫星海面高度资料的太平洋海区涡旋能谱分析

在空间均匀和各向同性的假定下,地转湍流理论认为涡旋动能随尺度分布遵循k–n定律(k为波数)。但实际海洋受边界、地形、层结等,具有明显的非均匀、各向异性特征。鉴于此,我们基于近30a卫星高度计资料,分别计算了热带、副热带、中高纬度等海洋涡旋强度不同区域的海面高度异常(SSHA)波数谱,进而利用线性回归拟合方法估算出中尺度波段上SSHA波数谱的斜率,并与地转湍流理论预测进行了对比。研究结果显示:SSHA波数谱从赤道到中高纬度逐渐变陡,其斜率由–4减到–5,基本符合赤道线性波动理论和准地转湍流理论的预测。SSHA波数谱斜率存在纬向与经向差异,例如在赤道地区,纬向谱比相应的经向谱陡;而在南极绕极流区域,经向谱斜率大于纬向谱斜率。SSHA波数谱斜率的各向异性表明海洋中尺度运动受β效应影响,具有明显的经向和纬向差异。以上结果表明,海洋中尺度运动介于准二维和三维之间,不能用一个全球普适的湍流理论模型来描述。     

Direct measurement of effective electro conductivity of turbulent liquid metal

Direct measurement of effective electro conductivity are performed in a nonstationary turbulent flow of liquid gallium, generated in a closed toroidal channel. The peak level of the Reynolds number reached Re ≈ 10⁶, what corresponds to the magnetic Reynolds number Rm ≈ 1. The conductivity of the liquid metal was determined measuring the phase shift between sinusoidal voltage and current in the RLC‐circuit, the inductance of which was made by the toroidal coil embracing the channel. The maximal deviation of electrical conductivity from its ohmic value reaches about 1%. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Helical magnetorotational instability of Taylor‐Couette flows in the Rayleigh limit and for quasi‐Kepler rotation

The magnetorotational instability (MRI) of differential rotation under the simultaneous presence of axial and azimuthal components of the (current‐free) magnetic field is considered. For rotation with uniform specific angular momentum the MHD equations for axisymmetric perturbations are solved in a local short‐wave approximation. All the solutions are overstable for B_z · B_ϕ ≠ 0 with eigenfrequencies approaching the viscous frequency. For more flat rotation laws the results of the local approximation do not comply with the results of a global calculation of the MHD instability of Taylor‐Couette flows between rotating cylinders. – With B_ϕ and B_z of the same order the traveling‐mode solutions are also prefered for flat rotation laws such as the quasi‐Kepler rotation. For magnetic Prandtl number Pm → 0 they scale with the Reynolds number of rotation rather than with the magnetic Reynolds number (as for standard MRI) so that they can easily be realized in MHD laboratory experiments. – Regarding the nonaxisymmetric modes one finds a remarkable influence of the ratio B_ϕ/B_z only for the extrema. For B_ϕ ≫ B_z and for not too small Pm the nonaxisymmetric modes dominate the traveling axisymmetric modes. For standard MRI with B_z ≫ B_ϕ, however, the critical Reynolds numbers of the nonaxisymmetric modes exceed the values for the axisymmetric modes by many orders so that they are never prefered. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Response of Aeolian Flux to Soil Particle Properties and Airflow Turbulence Fluctuation

The process of aeolian flux in wild areas is usually unstable due to turbulent fluctuation of airflow. The physical parameters of wind and aeolian flux have strong pulsation characteristics and are even intermittent. Since the classical aeolian flux equations derived from steady sediment transport processes do not take into account the physical parameters such as soil particle properties and airflow turbulence characteristics, they cannot accurately predict the process of sediment transport driven by turbulent wind. Based on the analysis of the variables contained in the classical aeolian flux equations and their effects on the aeolian flux, the soil particle properties and the airflow turbulent fluctuation which influence unsteady sediment transport process, and the delayed response of the unsteady sediment transport process to airflow turbulent fluctuation, then the steady and unsteady sediment transports were defined. Strictly, there is no steady sediment transport process in nature, but the sediment transport process in a short period of time can be roughly considered to be a steady sediment transport process as the fluctuation of sediment transport is very little. Thus, the unsteady sediment transport process in a long-term series can be regarded as series of steady sediment transport processes on an "appropriate time scale" (Δt). The construction principles, variables in unsteady aeolian flux equation, and establishing unsteady aeolian flux equation of the way which is the method of determining each variable by controlling the conditional experiments were put forward. Finally, the foreseeable key issues in the process of establishing the unsteady aeolian flux equation were discussed.     

视宁度测量中的一个常数

大气视宁度严重影响了地面望远镜观测的成像分辨率。对于直径ｒＬ的单孔镜，Ｆｒｉｅｄ给出恒星光波波前到达角的均方差为＜α２＞＝０．３５８（λｒＬ）１／３（λｒ０）５／３这一公式被很多文献所采用，并推广应用于双瞳视宁度仪测量，等等。事实上，Ｙｕｒａ和Ｔａｖｉｓ（１９８５）指出，恒星光波波前的瞬间倾角与星像重心在焦平面的角位置并不完全相关，波前倾角的方差与焦平面重心的方差也是不一致的。实际测量中，我们常使用的是焦平面像重心的测量。因此，使用的公式应当有所修正。本文从Ｔａｔａｒｓｋｉ的理论公式出发，更简捷地得到了同样的结果。即，所使用的公式应修改为＜α２＞＝０．３３９（λｒＬ）１／３（λｒ０）５／３与此有关的视宁度测量公式中的其他常数也需修改     

等离子体湍动电场对Stark致宽函数的贡献

过去在用Stark效应研究天体活动过程的光谱时,一般仅考虑Holtsmark场的作用,所得出的电子密度只是一个上限。近来的研究表明,等离子体湍动电场在其中也起着重要的作用,而且当计及这种场的作用时,电子密度减小很多。本文给出Balmer线从H_3—H_(30)的Stark致宽函数S(α,α),它们是考虑到Holtsmark场和湍动场的联合作用以及对两者的不同比值而计算的,所给出的结果与Underhill等和Galdetskii等分别对纯Holtsmark场和纯湍动场而得到的类似数值不同。由于除了极少数外,大部分太阳耀斑和爆发日珥以及其他天体活动过程可能都处于弱或中等等离子体湍动状态,因而所算出的S(α,α)值可用于这些过程的氢线轮廓或半宽的分析。