赤道电离层泡短波区密度谱理论分析

本文主要讨论在导致赤道夜间扩展F回波的上升汽泡中,短波区（λ25m）等离子体密度谱分布的物理机制,说明不均匀体内不同的湍动水平将产生不同的谱结构。对于较低湍动水平的汽泡,由于纵向离子声波和具有有限平行波矢漂移波的耦合共振相互作用,导致波模间能量的有效传输,从而控制湍动水平的发展,形成等能多峰谱结构。另一方面,对于湍动充分发展的汽泡,由长波区大幅度扰动维持的短波区强漂移湍动态,在Kr_Li≈2处形成一较宽的极大谱峰,然后谱以K^-2.6的形式减小。理论分析和探测结果符合甚好。     

GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS OF METHANE FLUX IN LIN''''AN RICE PADDIES

From July to September of 1990,CH_4 flux measurements were made in Lin'an rice paddies using gradient profiletechniques.Some characteristics of the turbulence structure under the stable conditions have been verified in the surfacelayer according to the in situ measurements.The semi-empirical turbulent parameters β_m,β_h and β_c and their changeswith the stability parameter Ri are given.Observed results indicate that CH_4 flux in the rice-paddy is mainly decided bythe methnogenesis and the process of CH4 transport from internal soils to the atmosphere,and that the CH_4 verticaltransfer is depressed in the stable surface layer.The CH_4 flux shows that its obvious diurnal changes,and the meanCH_4 flux are higher in nighttime and lower in daytime,and the peaks appear at about 2000 BST at night and 0300 BSTin the early morning,respectively.The mean value of CH_4 flux is about 4.18±2.3 mg/m~2 h.     

GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS OF METHANE FLUX IN LIN’AN RICE PADDIES*

From July to September of 1990,CH₄ flux measurements were made in Lin'an rice paddies using gradient profile techniques.Some characteristics of the turbulence structure under the stable conditions have been verified in the surface layer according to the in situ measurements.The semi-empirical turbulent parameters β_m,β_h and β_c and their changes with the stability parameter Ri are given.Observed results indicate that CH₄ flux in the rice-paddy is mainly decided by the methnogenesis and the process of CH₄ transport from internal soils to the atmosphere,and that the CH₄ vertical transfer is depressed in the stable surface layer.The CH₄ flux shows that its obvious diurnal changes,and the mean CH₄ flux are higher in nighttime and lower in daytime,and the peaks appear at about 2000 BST at night and 0300 BST in the early morning,respectively.The mean value of CH₄ flux is about 4.18±2.3 mg/m² h.     

Further Studies Of Atmospheric Turbulence In Layers Near The Surface: Scaling The Tke Budget Above The Roughness Sublayer

The second of two experimental studies of the TKE budget conducted on sites of different roughness is described, and results are compared. The first took place within a shallow layer above a small field of mostly bare, cultivated soil; the second was carried out above a roughness sublayer of significant depth on an extensive plain of tall dry grass. Budget terms observed in the second study were scaled with a modified u which compensated for effects of an unusually large stress gradient and ensured that the _m functions would be collinear. By showing that the modification becomes negligible in smaller gradients, it is demonstrated that in normal conditions, budgets observed above significant roughness sublayers should be normalized by scaling in terms of the unreduced Reynolds stress at the sublayer's upper surface. This procedure is shown to be consistent with the expectation that TKE budgets in layers near the surface all scale in fundamentally the same way.Other findings include: (1) the fact that most _m functions previously reported are not quite collinear is attributed to a type of overspeeding known to affect three-cup anemometers; (2) revised _m functions, collinear and largely free of the effects of overspeeding, are determined from a well-established characteristic of the linear _m relation for the stable case; (3) data that define collinear _m functions can also be represented with single hyperbolic curves; (4) dissipation is found to be 10 to 15% too small to balance total TKE production in unstable and neutral conditions and to decrease with increasing z/L in thestable regime; and (5) new relations for based on the observed behaviour of the dissipation deficit provide an improved closure for the set of equations that express the budget terms as functions of _m and z/L.     

Simulation of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Characteristics during Indian Summer Monsoon using Observations from Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment at Jodhpur, India

The diurnal structure of the boundary layer during Indian summer monsoon period is studied using a one-dimensional meteorological boundary layer model and the observations collected from the Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment conducted in 1990 at Jodhpur, India. The model was initialized with the observed temperature profiles at 0530 LST on 17 July, 1990 at Jodhpur and was run for 26 hours. The study is carried out with a geostrophic wind speed of 9.5 m s⁻¹ corresponding to the strong wind simulation. The mean thermodynamic and wind structure simulated by the model are in good agreement with those observed from 30 m tower. The computed surface layer characteristics such as the surface fluxes, TKE and standard deviations of velocity components are found to be reasonably in good agreement with those based on turbulence measurements. The shear and buoyancy budget computed from the model are also compared with the turbulence measurements. The integrated cooling budget in the nocturnal boundary layer is examined.     

The visualization of turbulence data using a wavelet‐based method

This technical communication presents some MATLAB^® routines for visualizing the structure in turbulent signals based on a standard conditional averaging and thresholding approach. Up to three velocity components may be analysed and the resulting output highlights the time at which important flow events occur as well as the frequency levels that contribute the greatest energy to this particular event. The latter information is derived from a wavelet decomposition of the signal and may assist in providing a process‐based explanation of observed flow features. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF SECOND-MOMENT TURBULENT VARIABLES*

Two kinds of observational data,fluctuation and mean profile measurements,from a 325 m meteorological tower in Beijing,China,are used to evaluate local scales of velocity and temperature for higher heights by flux-gradient mean profiles and eddy-correlation techniques.A comparison of these methods each other was made in terms of vertical turbulence fluxes for momentum and beat at the same heigbt.The vertical profiles of non-dimensional second moments.such as vertical turbulent fluxes of momentum and heat.velocity and temperature standard deviations,were derived by local similarity theory.The local similarity relations expressed that the vertical distributions of non-dimensional second moment variables were found to be functions of z/Λ and z/h in the stable boundary layer and the function of z/Z_i for the convective boundary layer,where A the local Monin Obukhov(M-O) length. h the height of stable boundary layer and Z_i the height of mixed-layer.These relations are shown to agree well with the observational data.     

Computational fluid dynamics modelling of boundary roughness in gravel‐bed rivers: an investigation of the effects of random variability in bed elevation

Results from a series of numerical simulations of two‐dimensional open‐channel flow, conducted using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT, are compared with data quantifying the mean and turbulent characteristics of open‐channel flow over two contrasting gravel beds. Boundary roughness effects are represented using both the conventional wall function approach and a random elevation model that simulates the effects of supra‐grid‐scale roughness elements (e.g. particle clusters and small bedforms). Results obtained using the random elevation model are characterized by a peak in turbulent kinetic energy located well above the bed (typically at y/h = 0·1–0·3). This is consistent with the field data and in contrast to the results obtained using the wall function approach for which maximum turbulent kinetic energy levels occur at the bed. Use of the random elevation model to represent supra‐grid‐scale roughness also allows a reduction in the height of the near‐bed mesh cell and therefore offers some potential to overcome problems experienced by the wall function approach in flows characterized by high relative roughness. Despite these benefits, the results of simulations conducted using the random elevation model are sensitive to the horizontal and vertical mesh resolution. Increasing the horizontal mesh resolution results in an increase in the near‐bed velocity gradient and turbulent kinetic energy, effectively roughening the bed. Varying the vertical resolution of the mesh has little effect on simulated mean velocity profiles, but results in substantial changes to the shape of the turbulent kinetic energy profile. These findings have significant implications for the application of CFD within natural gravel‐bed channels, particularly with regard to issues of topographic data collection, roughness parameterization and the derivation of mesh‐independent solutions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three‐dimensional flow structure around small‐scale bedforms in a simulated gravel‐bed environment

Pebble clusters are common small‐scale morphological features in gravel‐bed rivers, occupying as much as 10 per cent of the bed surface. Important links exist between the presence of pebble clusters and the development of flow structures. These links are poorly understood at the three‐dimensional level. Particularly neglected has been the effect of clusters on the lateral flow characteristics. A laboratory study was conducted using a hydraulic flume, within which simulated pebble clusters were superimposed onto a plane bed of gravel material. High‐resolution three‐dimensional flow data were collected above the bed at two different flow depths using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The results present evidence of the importance of lateral flow in the development of turbulent flow structure. Narrow regions of high lateral and downstream turbulence intensity exist to both sides of clusters and in a three‐dimensional separation zone in their lee. This may indicate the presence of horseshoe‐type vortical structures analogous to those identified in less hydraulically rough environments. However, it is likely that these structures are more complicated given the mutual interference of the surrounding medium. The lateral flow was also identified as a key component in the upwelling identified by other authors in the lee of pebble clusters. The results of the vertical flow analysis confirm the hypothesis that six regions with distinct vertical flow characteristics exist above clusters: flow acceleration up the stoss‐side of the cluster; recirculation behind the cluster in the wake region; vortex shedding from the pebble crest and shear layer; flow reattachment downstream of the cluster; upwelling of flow downstream of the point of reattachment; and recovery of flow. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.