新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里蛇绿岩的形成和侵位时限——来自辉绿岩和凝灰岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄的证据

新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里蛇绿岩是中亚造山带中最具代表性的蛇绿岩之一,其所代表的古洋盆的形成和关闭时限一直受到地学界的密切关注。采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Th-Pb同位素方法,获得卡拉麦里蛇绿岩中辉绿岩的年龄为416.7Ma±3.2Ma,代表了卡拉麦里蛇绿岩的形成年龄。不整合于蛇绿岩之上的地层凝灰岩的年龄为343.0Ma±5.0Ma,限定了卡拉麦里蛇绿岩侵位时代的上限,同时也为沉积盖层提供了可靠的年龄依据。即卡拉麦里蛇绿岩所代表的古大洋形成于早泥盆世洛霍考夫期,闭合于早石炭世杜内期前。卡拉麦里蛇绿岩形成和侵位时代的准确限定对研究东准噶尔的构造演化和古生代中亚地区构造格局提供了重要的制约。     

西藏雄村铜金矿I号矿体赋矿凝灰岩成因探讨: 来自 岩石地球化学、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学特征的证据

雄村斑岩型铜金矿集区位于冈底斯造山带中段南缘,目前发现的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号主矿体均产于含矿斑岩体及其接触带附近的凝灰岩中,本文主要对雄村I号矿体赋矿凝灰岩开展岩石地球化学特征研究。赋矿凝灰岩显示出与岛弧火山岩相似的地球化学特征,如相对富集LREE、LILE而亏损HREE、HFS以及低的I(Sr)值(变化范围为0.704163～0.705369,均值0.704907)和正的εNd(t)值(变化范围为3.7805～7.6286,均值5.904121)等,其形成与印度-亚洲大陆碰撞造山之前的新特提斯洋俯冲作用有关,产于新特提斯洋向北的洋内俯冲作用而形成的岛弧环境。赋矿凝灰岩起源于岛弧底部的新生玄武质岩层的部分熔融,源岩主要由角闪石、斜长石和少量石榴子石组成。赋矿凝灰岩、含矿斑岩体和成矿作用同属一个火山-岩浆-热液系统,赋矿凝灰岩为成矿提供了必要的围岩外部因素,是矿区重要的控矿因素,也是一个重要的找矿地质条件。在雄村矿区及其外围,侵位于凝灰岩中的斑岩体应该是今后找矿评价的重点区域。     

贵州兴义三叠纪兴义动物群化石层锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄及其意义

本文选取了产自贵州兴义富含海生爬行动物及鱼类化石的法郎组竹杆坡段上部凝灰岩夹层中的锆石,进行了LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学测定。测得兴义动物群化石赋存层位年龄为240.8±1.8 Ma,化石赋存层位之上21 m处年龄为239.8±1.7 Ma。该年龄数据进一步验证了兴义动物群的时代为中三叠世拉丁期,而非晚三叠世卡尼期,这一结论可与此前菊石生物地层研究、碳同位素分析的结果相印证。结合兴义动物群中生物组合面貌的变化,推测三叠纪生态系统可能在拉丁期就已开始由辐射发展阶段转变为完全复苏阶段。     

冀北三叠系二马营组凝灰岩夹层的发现及其地质意义

冀北三叠系二马营组分布于下板城—平泉一带,主要为一套河流相红色砂泥岩组合,时代原定为中三叠世。通过1∶5万区域地质调查,首次在二马营组上部发现凝灰岩夹层,并进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得其206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为234.2±2.6Ma(MSWD=3.2),综合古生物化石、后期脉岩、地层接触关系等依据,将二马营组沉积时限重新厘定为中—晚三叠世。结合区域地质资料,认为冀北三叠系二马营组凝灰岩夹层的形成可能与西伯利亚板块与华北板块碰撞造山有关,该凝灰岩层作为有效的地质事件标志层,记录了当时构造背景下华北陆块北缘的一次火山活动。     

重庆秀山凉桥板溪群红子溪组凝灰岩SHRIMP锆石测年及其意义

关于板溪群的时代归属及其地层划分对比,一直以来存在较大争议,为此作者在重新研究了秀山—梵净山地区板溪群的沉积序列及其演化的基础上,首次对秀山凉桥地区的板溪群红子溪组顶部的晶屑凝灰岩进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年,研究显示板溪群早期的盆地扩张阶段结束于790Ma左右,随后盆地转入快速充填和差异升降阶段。地层对比研究表明,秀山—梵静山地区的板溪群沉积仅相当于黔东的下江群、湘西的板溪群下部,沉积时限为820～790Ma,是新元古代中期Rodinia裂解背景下的裂陷盆地的早期充填。     

Magma batches in the Timber Mountain magmatic system, Southwestern Nevada Volcanic Field, Nevada, USA

The common occurrence of compositionally and mineralogically zoned ash flow sheets, such as those of the Timber Mountain Group, provides evidence that the source magma bodies were chemically and thermally zoned. The Rainier Mesa and Ammonia Tanks tuffs of the Timber Mountain Group are both large volume (1200 and 900 km³, respectively) chemically zoned (57–78 wt.% SiO₂) ash flow sheets. Evidence of distinct magma batches in the Timber Mountain system are based on: (1) major- and trace-element variations of whole pumice fragments; (2) major-element variations in phenocrysts; (3) major-element variations in glass matrix; and (4) emplacement temperatures calculated from Fe-Ti oxides and feldspars. There are three distinct groups of pumice fragments in the Rainier Mesa Tuff: a low-silica group and two high-silica groups (a low-Th and a high-Th group). These groups cannot be related by crystal fractionation. The low-silica portion of the Rainier Mesa Tuff is distinct from the low-silica portion of the overlying Ammonia Tanks Tuff, even though the age difference is less than 200,000 years. Three distinct groups occur in the Ammonia Tanks Tuff: a low-silica, intermediate-silica and a high-silica group. Part of the high-silica group may be due to mixing of the two high-silica Rainier Mesa groups. The intermediate-silica group may be due to mixing of the low- and high-silica Ammonia Tanks groups. Three distinct emplacement temperatures occur in the Rainier Mesa Tuff (869, 804, 723 °C) that correspond to the low-silica, high-Th and low-Th magma batches, respectively. These temperature differences could not have been maintained for any length of time in the magma chamber (cf. Turner, J.S., Campbell, I.H., 1986. Convection and mixing in magma chambers. Earth-Sci. Rev. 23, 255–352; Martin, D., Griffiths, R.W., Campbell, I.H., 1987. Compositional and thermal convection in magma chambers. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 96, 465–475) and therefore eruption must have occurred soon after emplacement of the magma batches into the chamber. Emplacement temperatures of the pumice fragments from the Ammonia Tanks Tuff show a continuous gradient of temperatures with composition. This continuous temperature gradient is consistent with the model of storage of magma batches in the Ammonia Tanks group that have undergone both thermal and chemical diffusion.     

内蒙古东升庙矿床火山作用新证据的发现及其意义

东升庙硫－多金属矿床狼山群二组含矿地层中，除已发现的变质石英角斑岩之外，又找到具有变余斑状结构（斑晶主要为钠质斜长石，另有少量辉石和角闪石）的变质基性火山岩和变质凝灰岩夹层以及火山岩屑与晶屑。这既直接证实本矿在成岩成矿期有明显的间歇性火山喷发活动、成矿与火山喷发作用有关，又可为研究本矿床成矿地质构造背景、成岩成矿历史，进而判别矿区古火山口的位置，进行区域对比与确认同生断层等问题提供岩石学的基本素材。此外，它们还可作为本区有效的找矿标志     

Subsidence of ash-flow calderas: relation to caldera size and magma-chamber geometry

 Diverse subsidence geometries and collapse processes for ash-flow calderas are inferred to reflect varying sizes, roof geometries, and depths of the source magma chambers, in combination with prior volcanic and regional tectonic influences. Based largely on a review of features at eroded pre-Quaternary calderas, a continuum of geometries and subsidence styles is inferred to exist, in both island-arc and continental settings, between small funnel calderas and larger plate (piston) subsidences bounded by arcuate faults. Within most ring-fault calderas, the subsided block is variably disrupted, due to differential movement during ash-flow eruptions and postcollapse magmatism, but highly chaotic piecemeal subsidence appears to be uncommon for large-diameter calderas. Small-scale downsag structures and accompanying extensional fractures develop along margins of most calderas during early stages of subsidence, but downsag is dominant only at calderas that have not subsided deeply. Calderas that are loci for multicyclic ash-flow eruption and subsidence cycles have the most complex internal structures. Large calderas have flared inner topographic walls due to landsliding of unstable slopes, and the resulting slide debris can constitute large proportions of caldera fill. Because the slide debris is concentrated near caldera walls, models from geophysical data can suggest a funnel geometry, even for large plate-subsidence calderas bounded by ring faults. Simple geometric models indicate that many large calderas have subsided 3–5 km, greater than the depth of most naturally exposed sections of intracaldera deposits. Many ring-fault plate-subsidence calderas and intrusive ring complexes have been recognized in the western U.S., Japan, and elsewhere, but no well-documented examples of exposed eroded calderas have large-scale funnel geometry or chaotically disrupted caldera floors. Reported ignimbrite "shields" in the central Andes, where large-volume ash-flows are inferred to have erupted without caldera collapse, seem alternatively interpretable as more conventional calderas that were filled to overflow by younger lavas and tuffs. Some exposed subcaldera intrusions provide insights concerning subsidence processes, but such intrusions may continue to evolve in volume, roof geometry, depth, and composition after formation of associated calderas. Received: 13 February 1997 / Accepted: 9 August 1997     

Weathering damage evaluation of rock properties in the Bunhwangsa temple stone pagoda,Gyeongju, Republic of Korea

The stone pagoda of the Bunhwangsa temple in Republic of Korea was made of piling small brick-shaped stones. The majority of stone bricks are andesitic rocks with variable geneses. Rock properties of the pagoda roof suffer partial significant deterioration, such as multiple peel-offs, exfoliation, onion-peel-like decomposition, cracks forming round lines and falling-off stone pieces. The stylobates and tabernacles at the four corners are composed of granitic rocks, which are heavily contaminated by lichens and mosses. Some of these contamination marks show dark black or yellowish brown colors by inorganic secondary hydrates. The four tabernacles and northern face of the pagoda body have been exposed to relatively high humidity, which causes light gray efflorescence as stalactites between the northern and western sides of the body. The efflorescences are composed of calcite, gypsum and clay minerals. The stone lion statues at the southeast and northeast corners are made of alkali granite, while the others are lithic tuff. Total rock properties of the pagoda consist of 9,708 stone bricks. Among them, 11.0% are fractured, 6.7% are fallen off, and 7.0% show considerable surface efflorescence, which shows that the pagoda has been highly deteriorated by physical, chemical and biological weathering. The authors strongly suggest long-term monitoring and comprehensive conservation researches.     

Support capacity estimation of a diversion tunnel in weak rock

This paper presents the results of the support capacity estimation for the diversion tunnel of the Uru dam site in highly weathered tuff and weak zone. Tunneling in weak rock requires some special considerations, since misjudgment in support design results in costly failures. There are several ways of estimating rock support pressure and selecting support. However, all systems suffer from their characteristic limitations in achieving objectives. Thus, it is more useful to use different methods for estimating support pressure and type of support. The support pressure p_i was established by three different methods. These methods are the (1) empirical methods based on rock mass rating (RMR) and rock mass quality index (Q-classification systems), (2) ground support interaction analysis (GSIA) and (3) numerical methods, namely, Phase² finite element (FEM) program. Rock masses were characterized in terms of RSR, RMR, Q-system and GSI. Drill-core samples were tested in the rock mechanics laboratory to determine physico-mechanical properties. Rock mass strength was estimated by empirical methods. Finally, the required support system is proposed and evaluated by different methods in the highly weathered tuff and weak zone of the diversion tunnel.