Are They Formed by Undercooling Crystallization or Devitrification？－On Origin of Various Textures inPlasticFragmentsofWeldedTuffs

ＡｒｅＴｈｅｙＦｏｒｍｅｄｂｙＵｎｄｅｒｃｏｏｌｉｎｇＣｒｙｓｔａｌｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｒＤｅｖｉｔｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ？－ＯｎＯｒｉｇｉｎｏｆＶａｒｉｏｕｓＴｅｘｔｕｒｅｓｉｎＰｌａｓｔｉｃＦｒａｇｍｅｎｔｓｏｆＷｅｌｄｅｄＴｕｆｆｓＤｕＹａｎｇｓｏ...     

Miocene rhyolitic welded tuff infilling a funnel-shaped eruption conduit Shiotani, southeast of Matsue, SW Japan

 At Shiotani, SW Japan, rhyolitic welded tuff forms a steep-sided funnel-shaped body, confined by Paleogene granitic rocks to an elliptical area 1–1.5 km across. The Shiotani welded tuff is pervasively welded and foliated concordantly with the contact that dips inward at angles of 70–90°. In contrast, nearby contemporary volcaniclastic deposits are non-welded and gently inclined. Near the contact with the granite, the tuff is plastically deformed and shows lineations that plunge inward at angles of 40–65°. Lithic and crystal clasts in the rheomorphic outer part are rotated in a plane normal to the foliations and parallel to the lineations indicating downward flow of the welded tuff. The geometry and internal structures suggest that the Shiotani welded tuff was emplaced and welded in a funnel-shaped eruption conduit. Upon collapse of a plinian or phreatoplinian eruption column, the majority of the conduit-filling pyroclasts probably fell back en masse into the conduit. Heat and steam from underlying magma and diffusion of interstitial volatiles into the glass perhaps reduced the viscosity of juvenile pyroclasts and facilitated welding in the conduit, especially at deep levels. The hot welded pyroclasts then flowed down the conduit wall during welding compaction and retreat of the magma. These processes resulted in increased welding toward the contacts and welding foliations concordant with the steep wall. Emplacement of nearby correlative volcaniclastic mass-flow deposits in a shelf to upper bathyal environment suggests a possibility that, when active, the Shiotani conduit was under the sea. Welding compaction would occur even under the sea provided that the steam generated in the upper part of the conduit fill prevented water access. Received: 28 February 1996 / Accepted: 5 May 1997     

Geochronologic and paleomagnetic evidence defining the relationship between the Miocene Hiko and Racer Canyon tuffs, eccentric outflow lobes from the Caliente caldera complex, southeastern Great Basin, USA

 Outflow sheets of the Hiko tuff and the Racer Canyon tuff, which together extend over approximately 16 000 km² around the Caliente caldera complex in southeastern Nevada, have long been considered to be products of simultaneous or near-simultaneous eruptions from inset calderas in the west and east ends, respectively, of the caldera complex. New high-precision ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology and paleomagnetic data demonstrate that emplacement of the uppermost part of the Racer Canyon tuff at 18.33±0.03 Ma was nearly synchronous with emplacement of the single outflow cooling unit of the much larger overlying Hiko tuff at 18.32±0.04 Ma. Based on comparison with the geomagnetic polarity time scale derived from the sea-floor spreading record, we conclude that emplacement of the first of several outflow cooling units of the Racer Canyon tuff commenced approximately 0.5 m.y. earlier. Only one paleomagnetic polarity is found in the Hiko tuff, but at least two paleomagnetic reversals have been found in the Racer Canyon tuff. The two formations overlap in only one place, at and near Panaca Summit northeast of the center of the Caliente caldera complex; here the Hiko tuff is stratigraphically above the Racer Canyon tuff. This study demonstrates the power of combining ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and paleomagnetic data in conjunction with phenocryst compositional modes to resolve problematic stratigraphic correlations in complex ash-flow sequences where use of one method alone might not eliminate ambiguities. Received: 13 January 1997 / Accepted: 7 May 1997     

黑龙江尚志一面坡固安屯组火山碎屑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和岩石化学特征

对黑龙江尚志一面坡地区固安屯组砂、板岩中火山碎屑岩的夹层晶屑凝灰岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年和地球化学分析。结果表明,岩石Si O2含量为63.43%~75.01%,相对较高,主要为英安质和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩,属于钙碱性系列和高钾钙碱性系列;具有富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K等,而亏损Sr元素;轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,有较明显的负铕异常,具有火山弧岩浆成分特点。主要获得晶屑凝灰岩,加权平均年龄为258.0±1.6 Ma(MSWD=0.113),代表固安屯组上部火山碎屑岩夹层的形成年龄。此结果表明,在黑龙江尚志一面坡地区发育的固安屯组的形成时代为晚二叠世。     

相山铀矿田邹家山工区含铀凝灰岩的矿化特征

相山铀矿田邹家山工区 5 0m中段发现含铀凝灰岩 ,化学分析结果显示 ,这种凝灰岩铀矿石中铀含量达 7 1 3 % ;该矿石中绿泥石含量较高。笔者认为 ,在相山铀矿田中 ,花岗斑岩与凝灰岩接触部位应有富铀矿体存在。     

塔里木盆地北缘二叠纪巴立克立克组凝灰岩年代学、地球化学及构造意义

塔里木盆地北缘广泛分布的二叠纪火山岩,对于理解天山造山带晚古生代构造演化具有重要研究意义。本文以哈拉峻地区巴立克立克组凝灰岩为研究对象,开展了地球化学、年代学和Lu-Hf同位素研究,结果显示凝灰岩富硅(SiO₂=74.59％~76.18％)、富碱(Na₂O+K₂O=7.48％~7.79％)、低铝(Al₂O₃=13.80%~14.29%),属于钾玄质过铝质流纹岩类;具轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素相对亏损的特征,具Eu弱正异常,相对富集Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损P、Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE),Nb/Ta值平均为16.60,Sr/Y值平均为2.42,Mg^#值平均为34.71;LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学分析结果显示巴立克立克组凝灰岩的结晶年龄为280.47±2.58 Ma,εHf(t)值为-0.73~2.12,二阶段模式年龄(t_DM2)为1 318~1 145 Ma。结合塔里木盆地北缘早二叠世的构造演化、岩浆活动及沉积分布等信息,指出巴立克立克组沉积于南天山洋壳向塔里木板块俯冲的板内裂谷盆地中,具非造山板内岩浆岩特征,可能为地幔柱作用背景下,岩石圈地幔底侵导致地壳物质部分熔融的产物,继承了壳源和幔源的双重源区特征。     

贵州新民石门坎三叠系关岭组底部火山凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄及意义

华南地区三叠系地层发育,安尼阶底界（即下—中三叠统界线）附近广泛发育浅绿色火山凝灰岩或凝灰质碎屑岩,俗称 “绿豆岩”。国际安尼阶底界界线层型候选剖面——位于南盘江盆地内的贵州关刀剖面和广西湾头剖面,已获得可对比的“绿豆岩”锆石U-Pb年龄,但在相邻的上扬子台地上尚缺少对安尼阶底界测年的可对比数据。笔者采集了贵州省盘州市新民镇石门坎剖面三叠系关岭组底部的多层“绿豆岩”,利用LA-ICP-MS获得锆石的U-Pb年龄。结果显示,石门坎剖面关岭组底部的锆石结晶年龄为246. 9±1. 1 Ma,可与南盘江盆地内及上扬子台地区出露安尼阶底界的剖面相对比。其绝对年龄为上扬子台地区内的安尼阶底界年龄对比提供了参照,有助于限定中三叠世海生爬行动物群所代表的海洋生态系统的复苏时间。石门坎剖面地层沉积连续,未来有望继续开展综合地层学的研究。     

冈底斯西段麻木早白垩世岩浆岩岩石成因及地质意义

青藏高原冈底斯带发育有大量的岩浆岩,本文对中拉萨地块西段南缘革吉县西南麻木地区的花岗斑岩和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩进行了详细的岩石学、岩石地球化学、锆石微量元素和锆石Hf同位素研究,综合讨论了其岩浆成因及源区深部过程。麻木研究区内的花岗斑岩和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩属于早白垩世同期岩浆作用的产物,均属于钾玄质岩石,富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素和Eu,具有较高负值的εHf(t)值,分别为-9.57～-3.43和-8.79～-4.80,以及较古老的Hf同位素地壳模式年龄t_DM2,分别为1 774～1 388 Ma和1 727～1 477 Ma。研究区早白垩世岩浆岩源于古老下地壳物质的重熔,并有少量地幔物质的加入,经历了岩浆混合后角闪石、长石和黑云母等矿物的分离结晶,最终形成了花岗斑岩和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩。结合前人和本文的研究认为研究区早白垩世岩浆作用的主要诱发机制可能为南向俯冲的班公湖-怒江洋板片回转。     

浙西地区新元古代骆家门组SHRIMP锆石U-Pb 年龄及其地质意义

对河上镇群底部骆家门组2个凝灰岩样品进行锆石测年,得到的2组SHRIMP 锆石U-Pb年龄分别为824±5Ma和832±6Ma、791±15Ma。同时,对骆家门组底部花岗岩砾石中的锆石进行了测试,获得的SHRIMP 锆石U-Pb年龄为901±9Ma。由此进一步约束了骆家门组的形成时代。骆家门组年龄的标定对于浙江地区神功运动界面上、下地层双溪坞群和河上镇群年龄的完善,进而确定江南造山带的地层格架和地层对比具有重要意义。这些地层年龄和已经获得的角度不整合于骆家门组之下双溪坞群的年龄数据,为神功运动时限的约束和对比提供了重要依据。     

华北克拉通西南缘高山河组凝灰岩锆石U- Pb年龄及其地质意义

华北克拉通西南缘高山河组是中元古代重要的地层单元之一,但其沉积时限和地层对比关系长期存在争论。本文对采自甘肃省华亭县马峡镇高山河组下部的凝灰岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄测定,获得凝灰岩样品的高精度年龄为1759±17Ma。结合区域资料和前人研究成果,初步将该地区高山河组的形成年代限定在1770～1600Ma之间,并进一步限定高山河组下部熊耳群火山岩系的形成时代介于1800～1770Ma之间。此为首次在华北克拉通西南缘高山河组获得高精度年龄,不仅确定了高山河组沉积时代应为长城纪,也为整个华北克拉通西南缘中元古代地层划分对比和地质演化及其进一步进行微古生物研究等地质问题奠定了重要的年代学基础。