长江口深水航道治理工程：一期工程Se标段施工简介

长江口水航道治理工程,是我国建国以来最大的水上基础设施项目,也是世界上罕见的河口航道治理工程,它采用双导堤、丁坝结合疏浚的工程措施,分期将原依靠疏浚维护的７ｍ航首对１２．５ｍ。全工程各类堤坝总长约１３３ｋｍ,航槽疏浚土方近２．５亿ｍ＾３,计划总工期８年左右,工程总投资约主１５５亿人民币,其中一期工程工期为３年,约３２．５亿元开工以来工程顺利。     

胜利探区基于最优孔径的共反射面元(CRS)叠加的成功应用(英文)

由于CRS叠加考虑了反射层的局部特征和第一菲涅耳带内的全部反射,从而更充分地利用了多次覆盖反射数据的信息。就目前的地震资料处理技术而言,它是最佳的零偏移距成像方式。本论文利用改进型的参数优化技术,得到高质量的CRS运动学参数剖面,并利用参数剖面计算出叠加孔径,实现了基于最优孔径的CRS叠加,使CRS参数的用途得到了充分利用。模型数据和实际资料的试算表明,基于最优孔径的CRS叠加的成像剖面与传统CRS叠加剖面相比,有着较高的信噪比和同相轴的连续性。     

鹤上大断面小净距隧道施工方案优化分析

结合福州国际机场高速公路鹤上大断面小净距隧道工程实际,建立了大断面小净距隧道施工动态有限元分析程序,对隧道施工方案的优化进行了数值模拟分析。分析中模拟了双侧壁导坑法、中隔壁法和上下台阶法3种施工方案,对拱顶下沉、地表沉降、中间岩柱应力、围岩稳定性等进行了对比分析,并结合鹤上隧道围岩实际情况,在隧道出口Ⅴ级围岩段,改双侧壁导坑法为中隔壁法,顺利完成了施工,对降低施工成本、加快施工进度均起到了较好的作用,研究结果可为类似条件下大断面小净距隧道的设计、施工提供借鉴与参考。     

甘肃省黑河干流中游地区泉水动态特征及预报

在简述区域水文地质条件的基础上,依据1986-2007年泉水流量系列观测资料,详细论述了区内下降泉、上升泉的年内和多年动态变化特征,对比分析了1967年、1984年、2006年测区各泉域泉水量和泉水总量的时空分布规律和变化特征。利用已有的潜水二维流水量数学模型,推递并建立了利用泉点周围节点水头(水位)预报泉水流量的数学模型,并对测区泉水总量未来15年的变化趋势进行了预报。结果表明,在现状节水灌溉条件下,由于出山径流量的增加和地下水开采量的减少,未来黑河干流中游地区的泉水资源基本处于稳定状态。     

征地区片综合地价与土地城市化的空间耦合分析——以北京市为例

基于征地区片综合地价分析土地价格与土地城市化的速率和强度的空间耦合关系,研究结果表明,在时间和空间尺度上,土地价格与土地城市化的速率和强度存在明显的相互关系,这一耦合作用形成了土地城市化在空间上的分异性状.作为与土地城市化存在空间耦合关系的土地价格可以作为引导土地城市化速度、强度和空间形态的有效调控手段.通过对土地价格的影响,可以引导土地城市化在空间上和时间上达成合理的演替趋向.     

长江中游武汉-九江河段河道形态及水动力学特征

Based on measured hydrological data by using ship-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) instrument, we analyzed shapes of river cross sections of the middle Yangtze River basin (mainly focusing on Makou and Tianjiazhen river reach). Hydrodynamic properties of river channels were also discussed. The research results indicate that nonlinear relationships can be identified between river-width/river-depth ratio (W/D ratio), sizes of cross section and mean flow velocity. Positive relations are detected between W/D ratio and mean flow velocity when W/D<1; and negative relations are observed when W/D>1. Adverse relationships can be obtained between W/D ratio and cross-section area. Geomorphologic and geologic survey indicates different components of river banks in the wider and narrower river reaches respectively. These may be the main driving factors causing unique hydrological properties of river channels in the middle Yangtze River basin. Narrower river cross sections tend to raise water level in the upstream river reach near narrower river channel, giving rise to backwater effects. River knots can cause serious backwater effects, which is harmful for flood mitigation. However river knots will also stabilize river channel and this will be beneficial for river channel management. The results of this paper may be helpful for flood mitigation and river channel management in the middle Yangtze River basin. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40701015; Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40730635 Author: Zhang Qiang (1974–), Ph.D and Associate Professor, specialized in natural hazards and climatic changes, hydrologic statistics, floods and fluvial geomorphology.     

准噶尔盆地南缘三叠纪—侏罗纪之交的古气候*

准噶尔盆地南缘的郝家沟剖面三叠系—侏罗系连续发育,是研究三叠系—侏罗系界线及相关地质问题的重要剖面。孢粉分析发现,上三叠统郝家沟组以气候适应范围较宽的裸子植物花粉占优势,而在下侏罗统八道湾组下部主要适应温暖湿润气候的蕨类植物孢子含量明显增高,在组合中常占据优势地位,说明研究区早侏罗世气候比晚三叠世更为潮湿。沉积岩有机碳同位素分析结果显示,在剖面八道湾组下部的δ¹³C值总体低于-24.5‰,形成两次明显的负向偏移,同时采集的丝炭样品的分析结果也证明δ¹³C在八道湾组下部具有明显负向偏移。根据现代湖泊沉积有机质碳同位素与气候关系的研究成果,沉积有机质稳定碳同位素负偏是气候温暖潮湿化的反应,支持了孢粉研究的结果。以上表明,研究区侏罗纪之初的气候比晚三叠世更加炎热潮湿。     

中国陆路交通干线自然灾害风险刍议

中国经济的快速发展,使陆路交通的密度、长度和搭乘陆路交通工具的物资和人口流动规模日益增加,交通客流和物流的增多也使遭遇自然灾害的风险进一步加大。通过数据统计、GIS方法,对我国陆路交通干线(公路、铁路)的密度和过去死亡人口和自然灾害损失的模数进行叠合分析,认为在自然灾害频次和灾种呈上升趋势的背景下,陆路交通干线的极端灾害事件日益增多,中国自然灾害的风险因子在地域分布上中、东部高,西北部低。我国目前众多的极端灾害事件对交通干线的影响,是因为对交通干线的风险因子识别研究不足,应该从节点城市、干线路段和区域交通网络三个方面对陆路交通干线自然灾害的风险展开研究。     

珍惜黄河湿地这片带露的“绿”叶——对黄河兰州段湿地情况的调查及保护建议

本文就如何珍惜兰州黄河湿地,研究了黄河兰州段湿地的分布状况及人类活动带来的影响,分析了黄河兰州段湿地面临的主要威胁,提出了恢复保护黄河兰州段湿地的对策建议和建设兰州湿地科普示范公园的设想。     

Persistency of flow patterns in a water repellent sandy soil – Conclusions of TDR readings and a time-delayed double tracer experiment

On a former waste water disposal field with water repellent sandy soil under grass vegetation we analyzed the persistency of flow patterns on a 150 m × 25 m plot by (i) continuous TDR-measurements on a 2 m × 1 m transect combined with seasonal soil moisture sampling campaigns, and (ii) a time-delayed double tracer experiment on a second 3 m × 1 m transect. Here, we applied bromide under wettable soil conditions in spring and chloride under water repellent soil conditions in autumn. At the end of the tracer experiment, after a travel time of 328 days for Br and 87 days for Cl, respectively, the transect was excavated and sampled in high spatial resolution. Tracer concentration, water content, water drop penetration times (WDPT), and soil organic matter content (SOM) of each sample were analyzed in order to characterize flow patterns. The TDR readings were used to predict the effective cross section (ECS) of subsurface flow and flow shifts over the season.During summer, when ECS is low and consecutive precipitation events occur, flow paths – once created – persist over time. However, over longer times (from autumn to autumn), the spatial arrangements of the flow paths can change completely. The Cl distribution showed typical fingering structures with high concentrations in the less water repellent flow paths. In contrast, Br was found mostly in the dry, hydrophobic areas indicating that it was transported before the soil became water repellent. Consequently, the flow patterns generated in spring and early summer differ completely from those in autumn and winter because of water repellent structures established during the vegetative period. These structures could be identified using a critical water content (θ_crit) concept, considering both soil water content and SOM.As not all soil parts being active during to season, four flow categories could be identified: about 10% permanent (=stable flow paths), 45% periodic (i.e. water repellent in summer), 40% occasional (water repellent in summer and autumn), and 5% permanent water repellent.