Radiative steady-state colliding stellar wind models: are they correct?

The properties of radiative steady-state colliding stellar winds in binary systems are studied. It is shown that the presence of a singularity at the stagnation point has a major influence on the structure of these flows. This problem is of great importance if their stability properties are considered. None of the existing models treats this mathematical problem properly, and special efforts must be undertaken in the future in order to come to a firm conclusion about the physical nature of possible instabilities. At the moment, neither numerical nor analytical models can be considered to be of acceptable accuracy in the case of highly radiative steady-state colliding stellar winds.     

Smoothed particle hydrodynamic simulations of viscous accretion discs around black holes

Viscous Keplerian discs become sub-Keplerian close to a black hole since they pass through sonic points before entering into it. We study the time evolution of polytropic viscous accretion discs (both in one- and two-dimensional flows) using smoothed particle hydrodynamics. We discover that for a large region of the parameter space spanned by energy, angular momentum and polytropic index, when the flow viscosity parameter is less than a critical value, standing shock waves are formed. If the viscosity is very high then the shock wave disappears. In the intermediate viscosity, the disc oscillates very significantly in the viscous time-scale. Our simulations indicate that these centrifugally supported high density regions close to a black hole play an active role in the flow dynamics, and consequently, the radiation dynamics.     

Power-law Distributions of Offspring and Generation Numbers in Branching Models of Earthquake Triggering

We consider a general stochastic branching process,which is relevant to earthquakes as well as to many other systems, and we study the distributions of the total number of offsprings (direct and indirect aftershocks in seismicity) and of the total number of generations before extinction. We apply our results to a branching model of triggered seismicity, the ETAS (epidemic-type aftershock sequence) model. The ETAS model assumes that each earthquake can trigger other earthquakes (aftershocks). An aftershock sequence results in this model from the cascade of aftershocks of each past earthquake. Due to the large fluctuations of the number of aftershocks triggered directly by any earthquake (fertility), there is a large variability of the total number of aftershocks from one sequence to another, for the same mainshock magnitude. We study the regime in which the distribution of fertilities is characterized by a power law ~1/¹⁺. For earthquakes we expect such a power-distribution of fertilities with =b/ based on the Gutenberg-Richter magnitude distribution ~ 10^–bm and on the increase ~ 10^–m of the number of aftershocks with the mainshock magnitude m. We derive the asymptotic distributions p_r(r) and p_g(g) of the total number r of offsprings and of the total number g of generations until extinction following a mainshock. In the regime < 2 for which the distribution of fertilities has an infinite variance, we find This should be compared with the distributions obtained for standard branching processes with finite variance. These predictions are checked by numerical simulations. Our results apply directly to the ETAS model whose preferred values =0.8–1 and b=1 puts it in the regime where the distribution of fertilities has an infinite variance. More generally, our results apply to any stochastic branching process with a power-law distribution of offsprings per mother     

A hydrodynamic model for asymmetric explosions of rapidly rotating collapsing supernovae with a toroidal atmosphere

We numerically solved the two-dimensional axisymmetric hydrodynamic problem of the explosion of a low-mass neutron star in a circular orbit. In the initial conditions, we assumed a nonuniform density distribution in the space surrounding the collapsed iron core in the form of a stationary toroidal atmosphere that was previously predicted analytically and computed numerically. The configuration of the exploded neutron star itself was modeled by a torus with a circular cross section whose central line almost coincided with its circular orbit. Using an equation of state for the stellar matter and the toroidal atmosphere in which the nuclear statistical equilibrium conditions were satisfied, we performed a series of numerical calculations that showed the propagation of a strong divergent shock wave with a total energy of ～0.2×10⁵¹ erg at initial explosion energy release of ～1.0×10⁵¹ erg. In our calculations, we rigorously took into account the gravitational interaction, including the attraction from a higher-mass (1.9M_⊙) neutron star located at the coordinate origin, in accordance with the rotational explosion mechanism for collapsing supernovae. We compared in detail our results with previous similar results of asymmetric supernova explosion simulations and concluded that we found a lower limit for the total explosion energy.     

加强柱形壳体在风型载荷作用下的屈曲特性

本文研究了加强柱形壳体在风型载荷作用下的静力屈曲特性。由于前屈曲薄膜应力状态是非均匀的应力场，因而使问题求解的难度增加。本文应用能量近似法，求解带环肋加筋的柱形壳体的整体稳定性。     

Unstable steam-water convection as possible trigger to earthquakes

Convection occurs when two water reservoirs, the overlying and the underlying, are connected by a narrow channel and the fluid in the lower reservoir is heated to the stage of phase transition into steam. The laboratory study of the properties of unstable steam-water convection showed that under favourabieP-T conditions the convection can be the triggering mechanism of seismicity. This type of convection causes a sudden fall of pressure in the lower reservoir and in the connecting channel, the impulsive mechanical disturbances, and cyclicity. The point of initiation of this phenomenon can be located at a depth of 5–7 km from the earth's surface with subsequent propagation of the process of instability to larger and smaller depths. This model of the natural terrestrial conditions can account for the earthquake cyclicity in the same focal zones, the rise of temperature and of the level of ground waters during earthquakes, the enhancement of seismicity while filling the water storage basins, the effect of floating up of hypocenters of aftershocks and the greater intervals between them.     

广东野外雷电综合观测试验十年进展

雷电野外科学试验是认识雷电发生、发展物理过程及其致灾机理的重要途径,也是开展真实雷电电磁环境下雷电防护技术测试的重要方式。自2006年开始,中国气象科学研究院和广东省气象局在广州野外雷电试验基地,持续合作开展了雷电野外综合观测试验,在人工触发闪电和自然闪电物理过程及其雷电防护技术测试试验等方面取得了若干研究结果。十年期间共成功触发闪电94次,回击电流峰值最大值为42 kA,平均值为16 kA;分析给出了自然闪电预击穿过程电场变化脉冲特征类型和差异;观测发现高建筑物上行连接先导可达几百米甚至超过1 km,其发展速度可达106 m/s量级,下行先导与上行连接先导的连接呈多样性;雷电防护技术测试试验表明人工触发闪电近距离电磁场耦合在架空线路上的感应电压达到千伏量级,多回击、长连续电流和地电位抬升是造成浪涌保护器(SPD)损害的主要因素;闪电定位系统探测性能的评估结果显示粤港澳闪电定位系统的闪电和回击的探测效率分别为96%和89%,定位误差算术平均值为532 m,回击电流强度的估算值约为真实值的0.63倍。     

含断层高陡岩石边坡稳定性的弹塑性分析

根据我国西部山区某露天矿工程实际,通过现场工程地质调查及室内外试验,在分析了该矿北部高陡边坡岩体分布特征、断层等具体地质条件之后,选择最具代表性的主剖面,建立弹塑性力学模型,采用Drucker-Prager屈服条件,利用有限单元法模拟在爆破动力和地下水作用下高陡岩石边坡开挖的动态过程,计算了边坡安全系数。最后,针对边坡在开采后期的整体稳定性提出了安全技术措施。     

基于GIS与ANN模型的地震滑坡易发性区划

基于遥感数据、地理信息系统(GIS)技术和人工神经网络(ANN)模型,开展地震滑坡易发性区划研究.2010年4月14日玉树地震后,基于航片与卫星影像目视解译,并辅以野外调查的方法,在地震区圈定了2036处地震诱发滑坡.选择高程、坡度、坡向、斜坡曲率、坡位、与水系距离、地层岩性、与断裂距离、与公路距离、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、与同震地表破裂距离、地震动峰值加速度(PGA)共12个因子作为地震滑坡易发性评价因子.这些因子均是应用GIS技术与遥感影像处理技术,基于地形数据、地质数据、遥感数据得到.训练样本中的滑动样本有两组,一组是滑坡区整个单滑坡体的质心位置,另一组是滑坡滑源区滑前的坡体高程最高的位置.应用这12个影响因子,分别采用这两组评价样本,基于ANN模型建立地震滑坡易发性索引图,基于GIS工具建立地震滑坡易发性分级图.分别应用训练样本中滑坡分布的点数据去检验各自的结果正确率,正确率分别为81.53％与81.29％,表明ANN模型是一种高效科学的地震滑坡易发性区划模型.