Main progress and prospect for China's hydrogeological survey

This paper reviewed the main achievements of hydrogeological survey in China, summarized the significant progress of hydrogeological survey over the past decade, and forecasted the key responsibilities for hydrogeological survey in the p14th Five-year Planq. The significant progress includes: China established the 1: 50 000 standard hydrogeological survey system with Chinese characteristics and produced the new generation of high-quality hydrogeological maps; the national groundwater monitoring project was completed and accepted, which marks China taking the leading position in groundwater monitoring internationally; fruitful results were achieved in the national groundwater quality survey, and groundwater quality background values were basically identified and checked; hydrogeological and environmental geological survey was continuously promoted in karst areas and the ecological restoration of rocky desertification achieved remarkable results; China strengthened layer exploration techniques for groundwater, integrating the key and practical techniques of layer exploration and monitoring; the exploration of groundwater in the poverty-stricken regions and old revolutionary base areas were effectively promoted to strongly guarantee the poverty alleviation and drinking water safety; the mystery of desert groundwater was uncovered, making up for the shortage of 1: 250 000 hydrogeological survey in the Badain Jaran Desert; and more efforts were made to conduct survey on the water resources in the basin, and to finish the unified measurement of national-scale groundwater level.     

Physico-chemical,bacteriological and health hazard effect analysis of the water in Taladanda Canal,Paradip area,Odisha, India

The physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of the water in Taladanda canal and associated water-borne diseases,from which the dwellers have suffered,were studied,by using statistical method. Overuse and the addition of the wastes with sources from urbane industrial sectors,as well as the decrease in water level have caused the canal water quality declined drastically and subsequently led to extensive eutrophication and bacterial contamination. According to the water sample analytical results,the water is lightly acidic with the pH value of 4.5~6.7. The measured indexes,such as total dissolved solid (TDS),electrical conductivity (EC),total suspended solid (TSS),Mn,Zn,Al,Fe,Cu,Cr,and Hg etc,mostly have very high concentrations which are higher than permissible limit,indicating that the canal water is completely unsuitable for human consumption. Furthermore,the biological analysis shows that the total coliform (TC) is in the range of 45.9~30.2 in per 100 mL water in April,30.5~25.3/100 mL in July and 52.9~35.4/100 mL in December,respectively. Similarly,fecal coliform (FC) ranges from 12.8 to 10.1,10.5~7.5 and 13.1~6.4 per 100 mL water in the months of April,July and December respectively. As a result,people who use the water have suffered from different water-borne diseases. On the basis of disease data derived from hospital observations in a period of three years,there had been 4 284 people affected by different water-borne diseases from 2016 to 2018.     

基于PyQt5的水深比对检测系统在水下地形测量检查中的应用

水下地形测量质量检查主要通过布设一定数量的检查线,通过比对检查线和主测线相交处一定范围的测点水深差值来衡量,还需检查主测线长度、检查线长度、各深度区间中误差、不符值比例等参数信息。主测线数据和检查线数据量一般都比较大,单纯依靠人工对比计算难以高效、准确实现。目前Python语言以其简洁易用、可扩展行强的优点逐渐成为主流编程语言。PyQt5是Python中一个广泛使用的GUI工具包,可方便构建图形用户程序。本文针对水下地形测量质量检查检测数据量大、检查参数多的特点,利用Python语言,基于PyQt5设计开发了一套水深比对检测系统,在山东省水库水下地形测量质量检查中得到了实际应用,取得了较好的效果。     

解析不动产存量数据整合建库中的技术服务与质量控制

在我国不动产登记工作,以前一直处于分散状态。国土、住建、林地、海洋等不动产管理数据分别由不同的政府部门确权登记,随着《不动产登记暂行条例》的颁布,存量不动产登记数据整合建库,已成为我国进行不动产统一确权登记的重要保证。数据来源多个部门,数据格式多样,空间定位精度不统一,“碎片化”现象严重。现有的数据库质量检查软件的规则集与程序代码相绑定,具有不透明性。本文就此问题开展深入性探讨,对不动产登记数据整合建库工作中的技术服务和质量提出了约束性要求。     

红毛菜与坛紫菜光合作用和品质的比较分析

为研究两种经济红藻红毛菜(Bangia fucscopurpurea)和坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)的光合作用和品质差异,选取一株野生型红毛菜CY和一株野生型坛紫菜NSD35作为实验材料,分别测定二者在相同培养条件下的关键光合参数和营养成分指标。结果显示：红毛菜的最大电子传递速率、净光合速率、藻红蛋白含量分别比坛紫菜高29.6%、96.8%、60.5%;必需矿质元素钾、钙、镁、铁、锌的含量分别比坛紫菜高59.5%、39.5%、34.1%、86.2%、68.4%;红毛菜的必需氨基酸和风味氨基酸含量都高于坛紫菜。此外,二者的呼吸速率、最大光量子产率、叶绿素a、总糖、总蛋白和碘含量没有显著差异。研究结果表明,与坛紫菜NSD35相比,红毛菜CY的光合速率更快,矿质元素积累能力更强,必需氨基酸和风味氨基酸含量更高。研究结果有助于了解红毛菜和坛紫菜的光合作用和品质特点,为开发红毛菜种质资源提供数据参考。     

Compartmentalisation and groundwater–surface water interactions in a prospective shale gas basin: Assessment using variance analysis and multivariate statistics on water quality data

An environmental concern with hydraulic fracturing for shale gas is the risk of groundwater and surface water contamination. Assessing this risk partly involves the identification and understanding of groundwater–surface water interactions because potentially contaminating fluids could move from one water body to the other along hydraulic pathways. In this study, we use water quality data from a prospective shale gas basin to determine: if surface water sampling could identify groundwater compartmentalisation by low-permeability faults; and if surface waters interact with groundwater in underlying bedrock formations, thereby indicating hydraulic pathways. Variance analysis showed that bedrock geology was a significant factor influencing surface water quality, indicating regional-scale groundwater–surface water interactions despite the presence of an overlying region-wide layer of superficial deposits averaging 30–40 m thickness. We propose that surface waters interact with a weathered bedrock layer through the complex distribution of glaciofluvial sands and gravels. Principal component analysis showed that surface water compositions were constrained within groundwater end-member compositions. Surface water quality data showed no relationship with groundwater compartmentalisation known to be caused by a major basin fault. Therefore, there was no chemical evidence to suggest that deeper groundwater in this particular area of the prospective basin was reaching the surface in response to compartmentalisation. Consequently, in this case compartmentalisation does not appear to increase the risk of fracking-related contaminants reaching surface waters, although this may differ under different hydrogeological scenarios.     

Comparison of environmental tracers including organic micropollutants as groundwater exfiltration indicators into a small river of a karstic catchment

Understanding groundwater–surface water (GW–SW) interactions is vital for water management in karstic catchments due to its impact on water quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the applicability of seven environmental tracers to quantify and localize groundwater exfiltration into a small, human-impacted karstic river system. Tracers were selected based on their emission source to the surface water either as (a) dissolved, predominantly geogenic compounds (radon-222, sulphate and electrical conductivity) or (b) anthropogenic compounds (predominantly) originating from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents (carbamazepine, tramadol, sodium, chloride). Two contrasting sampling approaches were compared (a) assuming steady-state flow conditions and (b) considering the travel time of the water parcels (Lagrangian sampling) through the catchment to account for diurnal changes in inflow from the WWTP. Spatial variability of the concentrations of all tracers indicated sections of preferential groundwater inflow. Lagrangian sampling techniques seem highly relevant for capturing dynamic concentration patterns of WWTP-derived compounds. Quantification of GW inflow with the finite element model FINIFLUX, based on observed in-stream Rn activities led to plausible fluxes along the investigated river reaches (0.265 m³ s⁻¹), while observations of other natural or anthropogenic environmental tracers produced less plausible water fluxes. Important point sources of groundwater exfiltration can be ascribed to locations where the river crosses geological fault lines. This indicates that commonly applied concepts describing groundwater–surface water interactions assuming diffuse flow in porous media are difficult to transfer to karstic river systems whereas concepts from fractured aquifers may be more applicable. In general, this study helps selecting the best suited hydrological tracer for GW exfiltration and leads to a better understanding of processes controlling groundwater inflow into karstic river systems.     

Water quality monitoring at a virtual watershed monitoring station using a modified deep extreme learning machine

ABSTRACT

A new deep extreme learning machine (ELM) model is developed to predict water temperature and conductivity at a virtual monitoring station. Based on previous research, a modified ELM auto-encoder is developed to extract more robust invariance among the water quality data. A weighted ELM that takes seasonal variation as the basis of weighting is used to predict the actual value of water quality parameters at sites which only have historical data and no longer generate new data. The performance of the proposed model is validated against the monthly data from eight monitoring stations on the Zengwen River, Taiwan (2002–2017). Based on root mean square error, mean absolute error, mean absolute percentage error and correlation coefficient, the experimental results show that the new model is better than the other classical spatial interpolation methods.     

新疆艾比湖流域枯、丰水期三维荧光光谱特性及其与水质的关系

以艾比湖流域主要入湖河流为研究对象,在5月（丰水期）和8月（枯水期）分别沿博尔塔拉河（博河）和精河进行采样,采用平行因子模型（PARAFAC）和三维荧光区域积分法对水体三维荧光特性进行研究并对其与水质的关系在枯、丰水期下的变化进行探讨.结果表明①河流DOM在枯水期与丰水期都含有C1（240、425 nm） UVC类腐殖质,C2（225、290 nm）紫外区内络氨酸类有机物,C3（230/280、330 nm）蛋白类有机物,C4（265、260 nm）腐殖质类共4种组分.通过对水体三维荧光进行区域积分可以看出DOM荧光成分的占比在不同时期的变化.博河在枯水期时EEM光谱中的区域Ⅲ富里酸含量低于丰水期,枯水期时区域Ⅱ芳香类蛋白质、区域Ⅳ可溶性微生物代谢物以及区域Ⅴ类腐殖质酸高于丰水期;对于精河来说,区域Ⅱ芳香类蛋白质和区域Ⅳ可溶性微生物代谢物在枯水期的含量高于丰水期,区域Ⅲ富里酸和区域Ⅴ类腐殖质酸的含量枯水期低于丰水期,这表明水体腐质化程度较高.②本研究选取了一些常规的荧光指数来描述枯、丰水期水体的荧光指数特性.经研究发现,精河的荧光指数、自生源指数和腐殖化指数在不同时期的变化幅度较小,而博河的变化幅度较大.③将荧光指数与水质参数进行相关性分析并建模,结果表明枯水期自生源指数（BIX）与化学需氧量呈显著正相关,相关系数R=0.688;丰水期时BIX与铵态氮浓度呈显著负相关,相关系数R=-0.493.通过对比分析艾比湖主要入湖河流的三维荧光光谱特性与水质在枯、丰水期时的关系进一步表明水体中DOM的特性以及在枯、丰水期下的差异,为艾比湖流域的治理改善提供一定的理论支持和参考依据.     

富营养化高原浅水湖泊持续多年生态修复工程效果分析——以滇池大泊口为例

大泊口位于滇池草海南部,水域面积0.52 km²,平均水深约2 m,作为滇池草海重富营养化水域生态修复示范区,大泊口分别于2015和2019年开展了两期生态修复工程,经过近年来的系统治理,大泊口水生态治理效果初步显现。为分析探究成功修复湖区水质改善、生态系统企稳向好的原因,本研究选择2015年2月—2021年12月共7年的连续监测数据,根据工程开展情况以及水生态状况将大泊口水域划分为4个部分(A1～A4水域),首先分析4个区域内主要的水质指标(悬浮物(SS)、化学需氧量(COD_Cr)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和叶绿素a(Chl.a))的变化趋势和相关性,其次探究不同类型生态工程的修复效果,最后与草海和外海水域进行对比,分析大泊口的治理效果。结果表明,治理后大泊口A1～A4水域的COD_Cr、TP和Chl.a稳定下降,COD_Cr分别降低18.65、27.96、25.26、40.92 mg/L,TP分别降低0.11、0.10、0.11、0.14mg/L,Chl.a分别降低0.037、0.068、0.06...