Sedimentology of Quaternary perched springline and paludal tufas: criteria for recognition, with examples from Guadalajara Province, Spain

Outcrop‐scale geometries and bed relationships of ambient temperature freshwater carbonates are poorly understood because many described tufas have been dismantled by erosion and present only part of a particular depositional model. At the field scale, four end‐member models encompass the tufa continuum: (1) perched springline; (2) paludal; (3) fluvial; and (4) lacustrine tufas. Individual bed types can occur with variable dominance within several of these models, but one or more beds are characteristically dominant only within a single tufa model, so it can be differentiated from relatively isolated outcrop fragments. Two models (perched springline tufas and paludal tufas) are known in outline only in the literature despite being present within the Quaternary deposits of most karstic regions. Perched springline tufas generally form lobate, fan‐shaped mound morphologies on hillslopes and develop from single or multiple spring resurgences. Mature deposits show a subhorizontal top and a steep face on the downflow side. The steep outer zones of tufa mounds may be developed into cascades with moss curtains or can be dominated by shallow rimstone pools according to face angle. Tufa deposits lying downslope of the mounds are usually detrital in nature, especially if some dismantling of the mound has occurred. The relatively thin subhorizontal lobe‐top deposits commonly contain organic‐rich deposits. Paludal tufas develop predominantly in waterlogged valley bottom situations, where line‐sourced waters emerge from valley side and bottom aquifers. Lime mud precipitation predominates in these sites. Mud is deposited as subhorizontal laminites that thin towards the valley axis and downstream of resurgences. Tufa spring‐mounds may form where lesser volumes of water are involved. Individual tussocks (phytoherm cushions) of grasses and rushes are the most diagnostic feature of the model, but sapropels and peats may be intercalated. Diagenesis in both models is rapid. Lithification of individual beds is virtually instantaneous and always occurs before the decay of the associated living vegetation. The resulting highly porous and permeable fabrics remain fresh in Holocene tufas, but aggrading neomorphism and partial spar infill of vegetation moulds is common in older deposits. Dissolution in many perched springline tufas is small scale. Many large cavities are primary, but with later coatings of speleothems. Early removal of organics from paludal tufas is responsible for autobrecciation and differential compaction.     

Datation par la méthode U/Th d'un travertin quaternaire du Sud-Est marocain : implications paléoclimatiques pendant le Pléistocène moyen et supérieur

A large travertine outcrop south of Errachidia, southern Morocco, was studied and U/Th dated. The carbonate fraction was provided by groundwaters then, as now, from the eastern High Atlas percolating through the regional Infra-Cenomanian aquifer. There were two main periods of accumulation at ca 262 kyr BP and 20–11.5 kyr BP separated by a long discontinuity with some limited weathering and erosion and correlated in part with a period of erosion at 30–20 kyr BP further to the west. The two travertine-deposition periods suggest increased rainfall and/or cooler thermal conditions in the eastern High Atlas source regions. Massive travertine accumulation ceased at the end of the Upper Pleistocene. To cite this article: L. Boudad et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).To cite this article: L. Boudad et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

关于四川黄龙钙华CO2成因的讨论

从气体成分、泉口出露地质特征、CO2动态变化规律等,对黄龙钙华的热成因论进行了讨论,认为黄龙地区不具备喷出幔源气体的地质结构。黄龙钙华是地壳表层地质作用高寒岩溶形成的产物,即冷成因。     

Evolution of Çamlık fissure-ridge travertines in the Başkale basin (Van,Eastern Anatolia)

Fissure-ridge travertines (FRTs) are of great importance for the determination and comparison of tectonic deformation in a region. The coeval development of these travertines with active fault zones supplies significant information about regional dynamics in terms of deformation pattern and evolution. In this paper, the characteristics of FRTs of the Ba?kale basin (eastern Turkey) and responsible regional tectonism are discussed for the first time. The Ba?kale basin is located between the Ba?kale Fault Zone (BFZ) characterised by Çaml?k fault and I??kl?–Zirani? fault. It is located between dextral Yüksekova Fault Zone and southern end of dextral Guilato–Siahcheshmeh–Khoy Fault system (Iran). Various morphological features indicating recent activity are exposed along the BFZ, including offsetting rivers, fissure-ridge travertine and fault scarps. The Çaml?k fissure-ridge travertine composing of three different depositions is observed along the eastern edge of the BFZ with approximately parallel orientations. The Çaml?k fissure-ridge travertine has been formed and developed on fault zone related to strike-slip or oblique movements. We explain how kinematic changes of faults can influence the fissure-ridge development.     

Micro-erosion meter measurements of travertine deposition rates: a case study from Louie Creek,Northwest Queensland,Australia

Although originally designed to measure surface denudation, the micro-erosion meter (MEM) can be adapted easily to measure deposition rates of chemical sediments such as travertines and speleothems. At Louie Creek, northwest Queensland, Australia, travertine deposition rates measured using the MEM average 4·15 mm a⁻¹. However, this figure masks considerable rate variability. Both purely hydraulic and hydraulically related variables appear to be the major mechanisms controlling deposition rates. The most rapid rates occur within relatively high-energy hydraulic regimes (impact and flow zones), whilst deposition rates in pools separating individual travertine barrages (standing water zones) are relatively slow. Dsposition rate variations within spray and impact zones are related directly to discharge. The highest rates in flow zones correlate with the incorporation into the travertine of in situ and allochthonous biogenic material, such as caddis fly larvae, green algal mats and phytoclasts, which proliferate or are entrapped easily under such hydraulic conditions. Considerable spatial variability in deposition rates also prevails. The highest rates for a given set of hydraulic conditions occur at two sites, the Upper Everglades and the Lower Everglades. The MEM also measures net erosion of travertines. At Louie Creek, most of the travertine erosion occurs in the wet season and is confined primarily to standing water zones. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国昆明地区岩溶洞穴洞口带苔藓植物研究

为了研究中国西南岩溶洞穴植物区系与生物多样性特征, 作者曾两次对云南昆明地区12个岩溶洞穴进行了野外考察和苔藓植物标本采集工作。其中含昆明市石灰岩洞穴1个, 石林县石灰岩洞穴5个和宜良县白云岩洞穴6个。根据采自12个岩溶洞穴洞口带的164件苔藓植物标本研究, 本文首次报道昆明地区洞穴苔藓植物10科18属25种。昆明地区洞穴中分布较多的苔藓植物科有丛藓科( Po ttiaceae) 5属8种,凤尾藓科( Fi ssidentaceae ) 1属4种,柳叶藓科( Amblystegiaceae ) 3 属3 种和青藓(Brachytheciaceae ) 2属3种。溶洞中较常见的4种苔藓植物种类是萤光苔类植物光苔Cyathodiumcavernarum Kunze ( 见于6个溶洞中) , 小凤尾藓Fissidens bryoides Hedw ( 见于4个溶洞中) , 橙色净口藓Gymnostonum calcareum Nees et Ho rsch (见于3 个溶洞中)和长叶扭口藓Tortella tortuosa( Hedw ) Limp ( 见于3个溶洞中)。野外观察表明,受洞穴弱光环境生态因子的限制, 昆明地区洞穴苔藓植物主要生长于洞穴洞口0～ 26m带范围内; 2种丛集型藓类植物, 橙色净口藓Gymnostonumcalcareum Nees et Horsch, 和钩喙净口藓G.recurvirost re Hedw 参与洞口带钟乳石或石笋钙华沉积。      

世界自然遗产-四川黄龙钙华景观的形成与演化

本文对作者十余年来在四川黄龙(世界遗产地)的钙华研究成果和最新的一些监测发现进行了综述, 目的是为公众更好地了解黄龙、保护黄龙提供科学基础。主要结果和结论是: (1)黄龙钙华的形成是由于地球深部高分压的CO2在碳酸盐岩补给区产生富含碳酸氢钙的地下水, 当其以泉的形式出露地表时, 由于泉水的CO2分压远远高于空气, 泉水中的CO2大量逸出, 结果导致碳酸钙过饱和而发生沉积; (2)黄龙钙华的颜色以黄色为主色调, 主要是在雨季因雨水冲刷土壤向水中混入泥沙的缘故; 而在旱季, 钙华主要形成于清亮干净的泉水, 因此, 钙华的颜色呈现出纯净碳酸钙沉积的本色-白色。这也是黄龙洞钙华剖面年层中出现黄-白相间亚层的原因; (3)高精度的铀-钍同位素测年表明, 黄龙钙华主体是全新世以来形成的; (4)地表水向地下河的漏失是黄龙地表水日益减少, 导致钙华体表面干涸, 从而气生蓝藻大量滋生, 致使某些钙华变黑的主要原因, 因此, 有必要尽早采取防渗补水措施; (5)旅游活动已对黄龙钙华景观产生影响, 包括上游人为践踏使下游钙华池淤塞, 以及磷酸盐污染使硅藻等过度繁殖和钙华沉积速率可能降低等, 因此, 必须尽早采取相应防控措施。     

藏北羌塘中部吉瓦地热田的特征及其资源评价

吉瓦温泉位于西藏尼玛县绒马乡吉瓦村北。温泉出露于一个新生代断陷盆地之中,受江爱藏布活动断裂带的控制。地下热水矿化度为5.54×103~5.58×103mg/L,水化学类型属Na-Cl·HCO3型。温泉水中H2SiO3、Li+、F-等含量较高,这3项指标满足医疗矿水的标准。热水系统的热源来自于地壳中的部分熔融层,热水的补给来源主要为大气降水,伴有深部热液加入。混合模型研究显示,温泉水为地下热水和冷水的混合物,冷水占的比例介于77%~95%之间,混合水的循环年龄约31a,利用SiO2温标法计算出浅部热储温度为120℃,深度为832m。混合前热水温度为215~280℃,对应深部热储深度为1466~1900m。吉瓦热田面积约6km2,天然放热量为7.53×1013 J/a,地热资源量为32606×1014 J。     

四川黄龙沟源头黄龙泉泉水及其下游溪水的水化学变化研究

用水化学仪器自动记录、现场滴定及取样室内分析等方法,对四川黄龙沟钙华景区水的物理化学动态变化特征进行了研究。结果发现,黄龙钙华的沉积主要起因于水中CO2的大量释放,造成溪流自黄龙泉泉口向下游方向水的二氧化碳分压（p（CO2））和电导率（EC）降低,pH值和方解石饱和指数（SIc）升高。但仔细分析发现,水化学的这一空间变化主要发生在SIc〈1．0时;当SIc〉1．0后,向下游方向,水化学趋于稳定。同时,黄龙沟地表融雪水和沿途泉水分别产生的稀释和浓集作用对溪流水化学的这一空间变化产生了明显的影响。此外,源头黄龙泉的水化学稳定,没有明显的日变化,而下游的池水则出现pH值、EC和SIc及p（CO2）的显著日变化,即白天p（CO2）、EC较低,而pH和SIc较高,反映了白天较快的碳酸钙沉积,其中温度和水生生物光合作用的影响可分别达到19％和81％。     

基于水化学和同位素特征的四川黄龙沟泉群分类研究

本文采用水化学和同位素方法对四川黄龙沟沿途出露的7个泉点进行了分析.结果表明,泉水水化学和同位素的时空变化反映了CO2逸出、钙华沉积和蒸发效应等诸多因素的共同影响,是由这些泉水处在四个水循环转化段决定的.根据水化学和同位素特征可将这些泉水划分为三种不同的类型:深部泉、表生泉和转化泉.这些认识将为四川黄龙沟景观水资源的管...