交互的初至波反演及静校正

一种人机交互式的初至波反演方法是在反演过程中加入人为的干预,并利用人的经验控制反演的方向,使结果更加符合实际的地质情况。再将反演的结果与其它的短波长静校正方法相结合,就能够有效地提高静校正的精度。实例证明,这种方法是有效且可行的。     

岩石复电阻率Dias模型及其参数求取方法

Dias模型是众多描述岩石复电阻率的频散特性模型中的一种,它不但参数少,且可由这些参数导出具有特定物理意义的参数。针对Dias模型参数的求取及反演解的不确定性评价,这里提出了一种模拟退火阻尼最小二乘联合反演方法。该方法首先将参数求解空间离散化,利用模拟退火找到全局最优解区间,然后利用阻尼最小二乘法在解空间进行求解。该方法有效地克服了原来两种方法的反演速度慢、反演结果依赖于初值的缺点,并实现了对反演结果多解性的评价。研究结果表明,对于岩石复电阻率数据的处理解释,Dias模型的使用比传统的Cole模型及其变形更具有潜在的优势。     

不等电极距情况下高密度电阻率法的反演结果分析

通过高密度电阻率法的模型实验,得出不等电极距情况对直立高阻薄板和低阻球体反演结果的影响:缺失电极对它正下方的ρ_s影响最大,而异常形态主要在水平方向有明显的变化,异常体随电极缺失的位置有趋势变化,电极缺失的数目越多,异常形态变化越大,但是从整体来看反演剖面图基本相似。     

考虑关断时间效应的瞬变电磁一维反演

为克服因关断时间校正而带来的误差,尝试直接对包含关断时间效应的瞬变电磁资料进行反演。正演采用将斜阶跃波离散为多个阶跃波之和的方法,反演采用经典的马奎特法。对模型试算的结果表明,采用该方法直接对斜阶跃响应进行反演,结果比较理想,计算速度也可以接受。     

地面地震层析技术在金属矿勘查中的试验研究

由于金属矿区地质构造的复杂性和复杂的地表条件, 适合于探测层状介质的地震反射方法技术在金属矿勘查中的应用受到了限制。为提高地震记录的横向分辨率, 探测复杂的地质构造及隐伏岩体等, 需研究相应的地震方法技术, 地面地震层析技术在金属矿勘查中的试验研究就是为解决上述问题而开展的。本文就非线性地面地震层析技术的基本原理进行了阐述, 并就该方法在金属矿勘查中的试验效果进行了讨论。     

利用钻孔超声成像的图像特征进行岩石风化程度分类

钻孔超声成像方法能精确地反映井壁的光滑情况, 进而判断岩石的风化发育程度, 确定风化层的厚度。阐述了钻孔超声成像的走时和振幅图像特征, 给出了1个在香港地区的应用实例。     

水气两相流系统K-S-P模型参数反演的最优估计

应用渗流力学和参数反演辨识最优化理论,建立了水气两相流控制方程,给出了控制两相流系统K-S-P模型参数之间的本构关系,并对其中的相关参数进行数值反演辨识,得出待求参数的最优估计值。对不同质地土壤的实验测试值进行对比分析,其结果吻合较好,验证了模型的适定性和可靠性,解决了实验数据处理以及结果对初值的敏感性问题,并且该数值方法可通过多组初值参数进行数值实验,结合实验结果来满足实际工程的需求。这不仅对非饱和带内污染物传输、气藏工程试井计算、填埋气体的释放以及挥发性有机污染物的去污分析中两相流数值计算提供基础,而且对K-S-P本构关系之间参数的确定提供了可靠的理论依据。     

Electrical aerosol spectrometer of Tartu University

The electrical aerosol spectrometer (EAS) of the parallel measuring principle at Tartu University is an efficient instrument for rapid measurement of the unstable size spectrum of aerosol particles. The measuring range from 10 nm to 10 μm is achieved by simultaneously using a pair of differential mobility analyzers with two different particle chargers. The particle spectrum is calculated and measurement errors are estimated in real time by using a least-squares method. Experimental calibration ensures reliability of measurement. The instrument is well suited for continuous monitoring of atmospheric aerosol.     

Stability of earthquake moment tensor inversions: effect of the double-couple constraint

We show that spurious large non-double-couple components can be obtained in inversions for the full deviatoric moment tensor for shallow crustal earthquakes due to inaccurate Earth models. The traditional “best double-couple” solution does not in general provide an optimal estimate of a double-couple mechanism, and is only reliable when the non-double-couple component of the full deviatoric solution is small. The inverse problem for the moment tensors of the 1998 Antarctic Plate and 2000 Wharton Basin strike-slip earthquakes is shown in each case to have two well-fitting minima in the misfit function of pure double-couple solutions. Such pairs of solutions are most likely to exist for earthquakes which are close either to vertical strike-slip or to dip-slip on a fault plane dipping at 45°. It is shown theoretically that these pairs of solutions arise from the combination of the pure double-couple constraint and the instability of two elements of the moment tensor. No significant non-double-couple component is found for the shallow thrusting 1996 Biak, Indonesia earthquake.     

Post-mid-Cretaceous eastern North Sea evolution inferred from 3D thermo-mechanical modelling

The Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic evolution of the eastern North Sea region is investigated by 3D thermo-mechanical modelling. The model quantifies the integrated effects on basin evolution of large-scale lithospheric processes, rheology, strength heterogeneities, tectonics, eustasy, sedimentation and erosion.

The evolution of the area is influenced by a number of factors: (1) thermal subsidence centred in the central North Sea providing accommodation space for thick sediment deposits; (2) 250-m eustatic fall from the Late Cretaceous to present, which causes exhumation of the North Sea Basin margins; (3) varying sediment supply; (4) isostatic adjustments following erosion and sedimentation; (5) Late Cretaceous–early Cenozoic Alpine compressional phases causing tectonic inversion of the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone (STZ) and other weak zones.

The stress field and the lateral variations in lithospheric strength control lithospheric deformation under compression. The lithosphere is relatively weak in areas where Moho is deep and the upper mantle warm and weak. In these areas the lithosphere is thickened during compression producing surface uplift and erosion (e.g., at the Ringkøbing–Fyn High and in the southern part of Sweden). Observed late Cretaceous–early Cenozoic shallow water depths at the Ringkøbing–Fyn High as well as Cenozoic surface uplift in southern Sweden (the South Swedish Dome (SSD)) are explained by this mechanism.

The STZ is a prominent crustal structural weakness zone. Under compression, this zone is inverted and its surface uplifted and eroded. Contemporaneously, marginal depositional troughs develop. Post-compressional relaxation causes a regional uplift of this zone.

The model predicts sediment distributions and paleo-water depths in accordance with observations. Sediment truncation and exhumation at the North Sea Basin margins are explained by fall in global sea level, isostatic adjustments to exhumation, and uplift of the inverted STZ. This underlines the importance of the mechanisms dealt with in this paper for the evolution of intra-cratonic sedimentary basins.