近30年来北方农牧交错带沙质荒漠化动态变化

中国北方农牧交错带是沙质荒漠化发展最迅速的地区,随着自然环境变化和人类活动的加强,沙质荒漠化有愈演愈烈的趋势。为搞清沙质荒漠化的地质成因,采用以遥感为主要技术手段,结合地面,对其沙质荒漠化现状进行调查;并利用不同时期遥感数据对比,研究变化发展趋势。结果表明,全区共有沙质荒漠化土地290512．53km^2,占全区总面积的23．67％;近30多年来,中国北方沙质荒漠化土地面积增加了7369．71km^2,平均每年增加294．79km^2。就沙质荒漠化发生、发展而言,地质背景是内因,干旱大风气候是条件因素,人类活动是“催化剂”。     

基于可持续性晴雨表的北方农牧交错区可持续发展评价——以盐池县为例

因重要的生态屏障功能和生态系统的脆弱性,中国北方农牧交错区可持续发展是一个重要科学问题。以典型北方农牧交错区——宁夏盐池县为例,借鉴"可持续性晴雨表"理论和方法,采用熵值法确定指标权重,对盐池县的可持续发展进行定量评价,并对影响可持续发展的因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1) 1990—2015年盐池县区域发展成就显著,人类福利指数保持持续增长的趋势,但生态系统福利指数稳定增长则始于2005年禁牧等生态政策的生态效益显现以后。(2)改善教育等公共服务水平、优化产业结构可以进一步提高人类福利,经济发展可以直接改善人类福利,经济发展的成果也可以通过生态政策加大对生态环境的投入从而改善生态系统福利。在此基础上提出了盐池县可持续发展的建议。     

基于RS和GIS的沙漠-黄土过渡带土地沙漠化分布与变化研究--以陕北榆林地区为例

选择毛乌素沙漠和黄土高原过渡带——陕北榆林地区作为研究区域,在地理信息系统支持下,对两个不同时期的遥感影像进行了解译,总结了该区10余年来沙漠化土地景观特征,分析了土地沙漠化空间格局的动态变化规律。结果表明,研究区内沙漠化土地形势仍十分严峻,沙漠化土地面积占土地总面积的67．7％,其空间分布具有明显的不平衡性,表现为西北部和中部区域沙漠化程度较为严重,土地沙漠化空间分布的不平衡性与该区自然因素和土地利用方式的空间差异有关。经过几十年的积极治理与改造,该区土地沙漠化过程逐渐趋于稳定。通过探讨土地沙漠化的成因,认为自然环境与人类行为的相互作用及在时间尺度上的矛盾造成了该区持续的土地沙漠化过程。     

不同构造环境下的壳─幔过渡带结构

位于中国西北部的天山造山带与准噶尔盆地是典型的盆岭构造。通过对横跨天山造山带与准噶尔盆地的沙雅-布尔津地学断面地震宽角反射、折射资料进行小波分析,获得了天山造山带与准噶尔盆地壳-幔过渡带的详细结构。结果表明,天山造山带的壳-幔间是以多个薄层过渡的。这些薄层的层厚度2～3km不等,层速度高低相间,总厚度约20km,平均速度较低,接近塔里木盆地下地壳的速度。塔里木盆地北缘与准噶尔盆地的壳-幔间不具有这种特点,其壳-幔间主要表现为一级间断面。而位于中国东北部的间阳-海城-东沟深地震测深剖面所揭示的辽东台隆-辽河盆地-燕山台褶带壳-幔过渡带的结构似乎具有完全相反的特征：辽河盆地的壳-幔过渡带比较复杂,它由数个薄层叠合而成,总厚度达15km;辽东台隆与燕山台褶带壳-幔过渡带结构十分简单,皆以一级间断面过渡为主。研究认为,造成二者差异的主要原因是它们所处的构造环境不同：前者为挤压环境,而后者为伸展环境。在挤压环境下,复杂的壳-幔过渡带形成于造山带的下面;而在伸展环境下,复杂的壳-幔过渡带形成于盆地的下面。壳-幔过渡的复杂程度与构造活动性相联系,在一定程度上反映了岩石圈目前的构造活动水平。     

火山型被动陆缘演化与拉张期岩浆活动的壳底垫托作用

本文讨论了被动陆缘演化研究中的最新进展和大陆岩石圈拉伸的纯剪切模式,简单剪切主“对”被动陆缘新概念、详细论述了火山型被动陆缘形成、演化的深部构造背景及拉张期岩浆活动的壳底垫托作用,强调在陆间型褶皱带研究中拉张型过渡的划分和研究肯有重要意义。     

Evolution of transitional institutions for urban land redevelopment in China—Case in Guangzhou

Building effective institutions for markets is a great challenge to China's transitional economy. China's ex-perience in establishing urban land markets is characterized by trial and error and the gradual evolution of transitional institutions. Based on archive data and interviews in a neighborhood (Jinhuajie) of Guangzhou, this research reveals that China's land redevelopment in the past two decades has followed an approach of partial and gradual reform, which was structured by the gradual evolution of transitional institutions to speed up local land redevelopment within the ex-isting property fights system. Transitional institutions, including highly compensated residents' land use rights, in-kind land lease payment, flexible control on development rights of developers and short-term actual ownership of work units, are generated by the local government sequentially to dispel existing land use rights of different land users and make further development be able to follow market mechanisms.     

Wavelet analysis of paleomagnetic data: 1. Characteristic average times (5–10 kyr) of variations in the geomagnetic field during and immediately before and after the Early Jaramillo reversal (Western Turkmenistan)

Joint wavelet analysis of complete and downsampled series of paleomagnetic and petromagnetic characteristics of rocks in the Matuyama-Jaramillo transitional zone in the Adzhidere section is used to extract paleomagnetic data whose variations are associated with the geomagnetic field alone and data correlating with variations in petromagnetic parameters. It supposed that this correlation can be caused by an external factor affecting weak variations in the magnetic field and climatic changes reflected in the composition and amount of the ferromagnetic fraction in rocks. Preliminary data are obtained for the characteristic times of field variations at the time of accumulation of rocks in the transitional zone.     

Impacts of land-use and climate changes on ecosystem productivity and carbon cycle in the cropping-grazing transitional zone in China

Terrestrial ecosystems are both a carbon source and sink, therefore play an important role in the global carbon cycle that act as a link of interactions between human activities and climate changes[1,2]. Climate change impacts ecosystem carbon cycle through af- fecting biological processes, e.g. plant photosynthesis, respiration, and soil carbon decomposition. Land-use change directly modifies the distribution and structure of terrestrial ecosystems and hence the carbon storage and fluxes. Usi…     

试论中国北方农牧交错带人地系统的主要特征及其度量指标——以科尔沁沙地为例

以科尔沁沙地为例,在剖析我国北方农牧交错带人地系统的脆弱性、边缘效应、波动性及能控性等主要特征的基础上,探讨其度量指标。