文昌B凹陷陡坡带珠海组二段海侵扇三角洲储层特征及油气成藏特征

利用构造、层序地层、沉积古地貌、沉积微相分析、成藏综合分析等方法,对珠江口盆地文昌B凹陷陡坡带特殊构造背景下的珠海组储层沉积相及其油气成藏模式进行研究,认为该区珠海组二段与珠海组一段构成了一套优质区域性储盖组合,珠海组二段沉积期,在陡坡带古丘地貌上发育潮控海侵退积型扇三角洲相,其水下分流河道骨架砂岩较好的孔渗性使珠海组二段成为油气优势运聚成藏层系,是主要勘探目的层之一。结合烃源岩、沟源断裂及圈闭等成藏主控因素分析,提出该区珠海组二段垂向运移、优势聚集、有效断块的油气成藏模式,钻探发现文昌B凹陷陡坡带X构造整装规模储量的商业性油田和一批含油构造。     

层序地层学中海侵-海退的重新解释及地质意义

海平面变化的主要表现形式是海侵和海退,它们是地球地质历史发展中最基本的现象和过程,也是层序地层学的主要构建机制,研究者以此建立层序地层格架及其模式,进行层序地层的成因单元配置和模式划分。随着研究的深入,已识别出两种海侵(正常海侵,快速海侵)和3种海退(高水位正常海退,低水位正常海退,强迫型海退),本文着重论述其在层序地层学中的定义及解释,并探讨其主要的沉积特点。     

The spatial discrepancy of Miocene transgression and its corresponding channel transformation pattern: A case study of the carabobo region in the northeast Venezuela basin

The Eastern Venezuela Basin serves as a world-class petroliferous basin, with the sedimentary environment controlled by interactions between the Caribbean and South American plates. This complex tectonic movement could have an important impact on the unsynchronized sedimentary evolution process and heterogeneous marine transgression of different regions within the basin. Thus, it is important to clarify the impact of interactions between the fluviatic- and marine-deposits on the development of the sedimentary environment, the transition of different delta types, and sand-body distribution within this complicated tectonic movement. Based on interpretation of 3D seismic data, electrical well-logging facies and analysis of the sedimentary characteristics of the core, we were able to identify the different sedimentary association types and understand the evolutionary process of the sedimentary system within the study area. We found that the differential sedimentary process in the eastern and western Carabobo block in the Eastern Venezuela Basin was caused by differential uplift and the corresponding spatial discrepancy transgression process in the Middle and Early Miocene foreland basins in this region. The flat geomorphology in the eastern Carabobo block contributed to the obvious sea level transgression process from North to South, but the uplift in the center of the western Carabobo block continuously blocked the sea level transgression. The different transgression processes led to the different sedimentary evolution processes in the eastern and western Carabobo blocks. In the eastern Carabobo block, braided river deltas (23.3–20.43 Ma) gradually changed into meandering river deltas (20.43–15.97 Ma) and finally into tide-influenced estuaries (15.97 Ma). However, in the western subsiding Carabobo block, impacted by the uplift in the center of this area, braided river deltas (23.3–15.97 Ma) in front of the uplift (adjacent to the sea) quickly changed into tide-influenced estuaries (15.97 Ma) with the generation of meandering distributary channels. However, the relatively weak transgression impacting the area behind the uplift resulted in braided channels being retained. Along with the evolution of the sedimentary environment, the tide-related deltaic distributary channel began to change from a braided channel to a meandering one. After rebuilding the paleo-hydrodynamic field, ancient geomorphology, and combining the hydrodynamic equations, we were able to quantitatively explain why sausage-shaped mouth bars occurred in the West and isolated mouth bars occurred in the East. Differential sedimentary environment evolution in eastern and western Carabobo is related to the spatial discrepancy of transgression, which resulted in the rate of change in hydrodynamic intensity, the direction of water flow confluence, and paleo-geomorphology.     

Shedding light on the timing of the largest Late Quaternary transgression of the Caspian Sea

The Late Quaternary history of the Caspian Sea remains controversial. One of the major disagreements in this debate concerns the stratigraphic correlation of various deposits in the Caspian Basin. In this paper we identify and date, for the first time, the Enotaevka regression, lying between the two major phases of the largest Late Quaternary Caspian Sea transgression, the Khvalynian transgressive epoch, and provide a minimum estimate of sea level decrease during this regression. The River Volga is the major source of water to the Caspian; the Lower Volga region is unique in its record of palaeogeographic events, and this provides the opportunity to build a single stratigraphic and palaeogeographic history for the Pleistocene of Central Eurasia. Here we use luminescence to establish a new chronology for the largest Late Quaternary transgressive epoch of the Caspian Sea. The existing radiocarbon chronology does not allow the resolution of the two transgressive phases of this epoch (Early and Late Khvalynian). Based on clear palaeontological and geomorphological evidence, these must be very different in age, but shells associated with both transgressions gave very scattered ages of between 8 and 50 ka. This ambiguity has led to considerable discussion concerning the existence or otherwise of a deep Enotaevka regression phase between the two Khvalynian transgressions. Recently we have again identified these deposits at Kosika, on the right valley side of the Volga River. The new luminescence chronology described here, based on quartz OSL and K-feldspar pIRIR₂₉₀ ages, allows us to reconstruct the complicated history of Late Quaternary sedimentation in the southern part of the Lower Volga valley. The Kosika section reflects the following major stages: (1) the earlier Khazarian transgressive epoch; (2) a decrease in the sea level with the development of a freshwater lake/lagoon in the Volga valley; and (3) the Khvalynian transgressive-regressive epoch, including both the Early and Late Khvalynian transgressive periods, and the intercalated Enotaevka regression. Sea level during the early stage of the Khvalynian transgression reached Kosika at about 23–22 ka (approx. −1 to −2 m asl). This event is of the same age as the “grey clay” strata at the base of the Leninsk section marine unit (Kurbanov et al., 2021), also formed at the beginning of the Early Khvalynian transgression. Around 15–14 ka the Khvalynian basin moved to a regressive stage, and in the northern part of the Lower Volga the top part of the well-known ‘Chocolate Clay’ accumulated. In the southern part of the valley marine accumulation stopped at about 12–13 ka. This allows us to reconstruct a decrease in Early Khvalynian basin sea level between 15–14 ka and 13–12 ka ago, of about ∼15 m. At the Kosika section sediments derived from the Enotayevka regression are visible as a weakly developed palaeosol with evidence of surficial erosion, and these sediments are now dated to 13–12 ka. At 8.6 ± 0.5 ka, during the period of the Mangyshlak regression, aeolian deflation processes reworked sediments deposited by immediately preceding Late Khvalynian transgression.     

航空电磁法在水文地质调查中的应用

为了对水文地质调查提供多方法、多深度和多参数解释,提高航空电磁法在水文地质调查中的应用效果,以河北曹碑店地区、定陵—北京十三陵水库地区、黑龙江宝清地区、澳大利亚桥维拉地区、山东黄河口地区的航空电磁资料为基础,建立了利用航空电磁法研究海侵程度、水质填图、寻找浅层淡水的定性和定量解释方法。结果表明: 航空电磁法可以快速高效地研究不同深度的地下水及海侵程度空间分布特征,快速计算地下水矿化度,尤其可为大范围水文地质调查提供多层次的海侵底界面和水平界线、含水层和隔水层分布及水质分布信息,在多个研究区取得了较好的水文地质勘查效果。     

滇中昆阳磷矿成矿时代及沉积环境Re-Os同位素示踪研究

川滇黔地区下寒武地层中广泛分布一系列磷矿床,其中滇中昆阳磷矿是我国下寒武统梅树村期黑色页岩中规模最大的海相沉积型磷矿床,其成矿时代以及沉积环境对于矿床成因研究以及区域找矿具有重要意义。Re-Os同位素不仅能够对富有机质沉积岩地层进行直接定年,而且还能为物质来源及沉积环境示踪提供一种有效的技术手段。本文对昆阳磷矿中谊村段磷块岩和石岩头段黑色页岩开展热表面电离质谱法Re-Os同位素示踪及定年探索性研究,获得了石岩头段黑色页岩Re-Os等时线年龄为521.9±5.4Ma,直接限定了昆阳磷矿黑色页岩沉积时代。磷块岩187Os/188Os初始比值为0.6576~0.7671,黑色页岩187Os/188Os初始比值为0.887,另外磷块岩187Re/188Os值为2.582~240.5,而上覆黑色页岩187Re/188Os值为96.24~341.8,而且磷块岩、黑色页岩微量元素δEu和δCe值在垂向剖面上显示由低变高的变化特征,这些证据表明昆阳磷矿形成正处于大陆快速剥蚀时期,指示大量陆源碎屑汇入海洋参与成岩-成矿过程。综合前人研究,本文认为,在寒武纪,大气氧含量快速升高,加剧陆壳风化,大量高放射性陆源Os的输入造成该时期内187Os/188Os初始比值逐渐升高。另外由于全球海平面上升,导致滇中早寒武世梅树村组沉积期古海洋环境由浅水氧化向深水还原逐渐过渡,而昆阳磷矿形成于该阶段海进旋回沉积早期。     

渤海南部莱州湾晚更新世以来沉积演化特征

晚更新世以来渤海南部莱州湾发生了3次重要海侵-海退事件及沉积演化过程,渤海南部多源河流三角洲对莱州湾沉积环境改变作用明显。本文选择莱州湾剖面进行沉积地层对比,结合调查资料和测试数据,初步建立莱州湾沉积地层格架,分析晚更新世以来莱州湾沉积演化过程。研究发现,渤海南部中小河流与黄河泥沙为莱州湾沉积物的共同物质来源,二者在不同阶段分别对莱州湾沉积演化起主导作用。提出本区沉积地层具有分期性、分段性和相关性规律。在124.6~72.0 ka B.P.,60.0~24.4 ka B.P.和10.2~4.0 ka B.P.出现过3次暖湿期,分别对应沧州海侵、献县海侵和黄骅海侵,主要发育滨浅海相沉积,向南退积为三角洲/潮坪—河流沉积;由陆向海,短源河流沉积贡献降低,黄河沉积贡献增加。在72.0~60.0 ka B.P.和24.4~10.2 ka B.P.出现2次冷干期,分别对应玉木早冰期和玉木晚冰期,河流相发育,三角洲进积。受海陆交互作用影响,晚更新世以来渤海南部莱州湾大致经历了浅海相—三角洲—潮坪—浅海相—三角洲—陆相的沉积演化。     

渤海西南岸全新世最大海侵界线及其地貌特征

结合钻孔与探地雷达探测古海相层尖灭点的测量方法与图像处理原则,本研究在沿渤海西南岸分布的8个相关钻孔附近开展了探测,经图像处理、与钻孔对比分析以及在特征位置钻探浅钻的方式,获得了5处最大海侵尖灭点的位置、地层剖面形态以及高程等信息.结合6ka B.P.、2ka B.P.左右和现代黄河流路变迁史及沿岸贝壳堤分布情况,揭示了最大海侵时期小清河向北至漳卫新河范围主要为古黄河形成的广阔三角洲潮滩地貌,海侵线远离海岸线深入内陆,其上的贝壳堤形成主要与黄河流路变迁相关;而渤海湾西南岸黄骅、沧州附近及以北主要为沼泽-潟湖-沙坝海岸地貌特征,海侵线由潟湖的陆侧边缘向海逐渐推进,沿岸分布的6ka B.P.左右贝壳堤的形成则是基于沿岸堤,并伴随风暴作用发育而来.莱州湾南岸依据埋藏古河道古湖泊的分布情况,推断该区全新世最大海侵前后具有与现代相似的海岸地貌特征,海侵时,海水直抵当时最大高潮线附近,使得海岸线与海侵线几乎相当.依据剖面地形校正结果可知,最大海侵时,海水侵入内陆至现代地表高程5.8～ 10.3m范围,后期新构造运动造成的隆起与下沉的区域差异,使得不同区域海侵层高程发生相应的变化,该结果为进一步估算海平面变化提供重要基础.     

A late eocene-early Oligocene transgressive event in the Golfo San Jorge basin: Palynological results and stratigraphic implications

A new Cenozoic dataset in the subsurface of the South Flank of the Golfo San Jorge Basin (Santa Cruz province) allowed to identify a non-previously recognized transgressive event of late Eocene to early Oligocene age. Below of a marine succession containing a dinoflagellate cyst assemblage that characterizes the C/G palynological zone of the Chenque Formation (early Miocene), a 80–110 m thick marine succession contains a palynological assemblage integrated by Gelatia inflata, Diphyes colligerum and Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata supporting the occurrence of a marine incursion in the basin during the Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT). The new lithostratigraphic unit - here defined as El Huemul Formation – covers in sharp contact to the Sarmiento Formation, and become thinner from East to West; the unit has been identified in about 1800 well logs covering up to 3500 km², and its subsurface distribution exceed the boundaries of the study area. The El Huemul Formation consists of a thin lag of glauconitic sandstones with fining-upward log motif, followed by a mudstone-dominated succession that coarsening-upward to sandstones, evidencing a full T-R cycle. Preservation of the El Huemul Formation in the subsurface of the South Flank has been favored by the reactivation of WNW-ESE late Cretaceous normal faults, and by the generation of N–S striking normal faults of Paleocene-Eocene age. Flexural loading associated to igneous intrusions of Paleocene?- middle Eocene age also promoted the increase of subsidence in the South Flank of the basin prior to the transgression.     

东濮凹陷古近系沙河街组边缘海-浅海相识别与油气储层

东濮凹陷古近系沙河街组有无海相沉积久争不决。痕迹学、沉积学和古生物学综合研究,识别出那里存在海退与海进层序。海退层序在开31井3 553.30 m和3 552.70 m处分别见到压扁层理、双泥披(double clay drapes)。3 551.70 m处,出现丘状交错层理(表现为洼槽状向上弯曲平行纹理和凸起状向上弯曲平行纹理),显示前滨和临滨环境。3 551.50 m处,代表后滨环境的植物根迹出现,完成一个海退层序。另一个海退层序出现在新胡4井,从见到海相痕迹化石Diplocraterion、Palaeophycos、Terebellina开始(2 969.10 m;2 966.40 m)到出现植物根迹(2 931.93 m)结束。以上两个海退层序反映东濮凹陷沙四段沉积期,海水影响所及,仅限于边缘海的前滨和临滨深度范围。与海退层序不同,海进层序显示海水显著加深。文72-104井指示三角洲边缘海湾环境的痕迹化石Teichichnus(3 146 m),过渡带痕迹Rhizocoralliun(3 109.28 m)至滨外生物痕迹Zoophycos(3 050.10 m),记录到一次具有滨外环境的海进过程。开34井3 424 m至3 260 m依次出现透镜层理、植物根迹、透镜层理、羽状交错层理,解释为前滨环境。3 267~3 260 m由压扁层理(3 267.00 m)双向前积层理(3 266.81 m)为标志的前滨环境到具有Thalassinoides(3 266.25 m)、Macaronichnos痕迹化石所指示的临滨环境,再到生物扰动达70%并具颗石藻所代表的滨外浅海环境,结束一次海进过程。海进层序被固底底质控制痕迹相所指示的沉积不连续界面所限定,有利于不整合圈闭的形成。