The potential of digital filtering of generic topographic data for geomorphological research

High resolution terrain models generated from widely available Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR) and digital photogrammetry are an exciting resource for geomorphological research. However, these data contain error, necessitating pre‐processing to improve their quality. We evaluate the ability of digital filters to improve topographic representation, using: (1) a Gaussian noise removal filter; (2) the proprietary filters commonly applied to these datasets; and (3) a terrain sensitive filter, similar to those applied to laser altimetry data. Topographic representation is assessed in terms of both absolute accuracy measured with reference to independent check data and derived geomorphological variables (slope, upslope contributing area, topographic index and landslide failure probability) from a steepland catchment in northern England. Results suggest that proprietary filters often degrade or fail to improve precision. A combination of terrain sensitive and Gaussian filters performs best for both IfSAR and digital photogrammetry datasets, improving the precision of photogrammetry digital elevation models (DEMs) by more than 50 per cent relative to the unfiltered data. High‐frequency noise and high‐magnitude gross errors corrupt geomorphological variables derived from unfiltered photogrammetry DEMs. However, a terrain sensitive filter effectively removes gross errors and noise is minimized using a Gaussian filter. These improvements propagate through derived variables in a landslide prediction model, to reduce the area of predicted instability by up to 29 per cent of the study area. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar is susceptible to removal of topographic detail by oversmoothing and its errors are less sensitive to filtering (maximum improvement in precision of 5 per cent relative to the raw data). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

Diagnostic calculation of the upper-layer circulation in the South China Sea during the winter of 1998

On the basis of hydrographic data obtained in November 28 to December 27, 1998 cruise, the calculation of the circulation in the South China Sea (SCS) is made by using the P-vector method, in combination with SSH data from TOPEX/ERS-2 analysis. For study of the dynamical mechanism, which causes the pattern of winter circulation in the SCS, the diagnostic model (Yuan et al., 1982; Yuan and Su, 1992) is used to simulate numerically the winter circulation in the SCS. The following results have been obtained. (1) The main characteristics of the circulation systems in the central SCS are as follows: A coastal southward jet in winter is present at the western boundary near the coast of Vietnam; there is a stronger cyclonic circulation with a larger horizontal scale east of this coastal southward jet and west of 114°E; there is a weaker anti-cyclonic circulation in the central part of eastern SCS; there is a stronger and northeastward flow opposing the northeasterly monsoon between above a stronger cyclonic c     

初论流域水空间研究

流域水空间是与径流密切相关、直接受洪水波及的地表以及此范围内地下含水层系统所共同占据的空间。恢复和保护土地水文功能,实现流域水和土的联合管理已成为流域管理的重要内容。在水空间研究的基础上,结合流域特征,提出流域水空间概念,对流域水空间内涵、分类、边界、度量、结构和特征进行探讨,并建立流域水空间研究框架,包括流域水空间功能识别、流域水空间特征分析、流域水空间安全预警、流域水空间规划以及流域水空间维护和管理等内容。     

Historic and contemporary sediment transfer in an upland Pennine catchment,UK

A sediment budget for an upland catchment–reservoir system at Burnhope Reservoir, North Pennines, UK has been developed. This provides a framework for quantifying historic and contemporary sediment yields and drainage basin response to disturbance from climate change and human activities in the recent past. Bathymetric survey, core sampling, ¹³⁷Cs dating and aerial photographs have been used to assess sediment accumulation in the reservoir. The average reservoir sedimentation rate is 1·24 cm yr^?1 (annual sediment yield 33·3 t km^?2 yr^?1 ± 10%, trap efficiency 92%). Mean annual reservoir sedimentation over the 67 year period has been estimated at 592 t ± 10%. Inputs of suspended sediment from direct catchwater streams account for 54% of sediment supply to the budget (best estimate yield of 318 t yr^?1 ± 129%), while those from actively eroding reservoir shorelines contribute 328 t yr^?1 ± 92%. Sediment yield estimates from stream monitoring and reservoir sedimentation are an order of magnitude lower than those reported from South Pennine reservoirs of comparable drainage basin area. Analysis of historical rainfall series for the catchment shows fluctuations in winter and summer rainfall patterns over the past 62 years. From 1976 to 1998 there has been a diverging trend between winter and summer rainfall, with a large increase in winter and a gradual decrease in summer totals. Periods of maximum variation occur during the summer drought events of the late 1970s, early 1980s and mid‐1990s. Analysis of the particle size of core sediments highlights abrupt increases in sand‐sized particles in the top 20 cm of the core. Based on the ¹³⁷Cs chronology, these layers were deposited from the late 1970s onwards and relate to these diverging rainfall records and rapidly fluctuating reservoir levels. This provides evidence of potential sediment reworking within the reservoir by rapid water‐level rise after drought. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling the land surface reflectance for optical remote sensing data in rugged terrain

A model for topographic correction and land surface reflectance estimation for optical remote sensing data in rugged terrian is presented.Considering a directional-directional reflectance that is used for direct solar irradiance correction and a hemispheric-directional reflectance that is used for atmospheric diffuse irradiance and terrain background reflected irradiance correction respectively,the directional reflectance-based model for topographic effects removing and land surface reflectance calculation is developed by deducing the directional reflectance with topographic effects and using a radiative transfer model.A canopy reflectance simulated by GOMS model and Landsat/TM raw data covering Jiangxi rugged area were taken to validate the performance of the model presented in the paper.The validation results show that the model presented here has a remarkable ability to correct topography and estimate land surface reflectance and also provides a technique method for sequently quantitative remote sensing application in terrain area.     

湘西大龙洞地下河流域水土流失特征及其对水库工程的影响

用人工断面法和流量堰法测流,高密度采集水样,在室内用称重法测得水体含沙量,对大龙洞地下河出口及其邻近地表河、地下河上游地表河段进行同步输沙特征监测,以为拟建的大龙洞水库泥沙淤积评价提供依据。两个水文年的研究结果均显示,地下河与地表河输沙率呈同步变化特征,平均悬移质输沙模数分别为37. 26～ 58. 33 t /km2 · a 和56. 82～ 76. 80 t /km2· a ,最大日平均输沙率分别为540 mg /L和890 mg /L,说明地下河空间以大型岩溶管道为主,连通性好,系统水力坡度大,对泥沙输出和减轻地下空间淤积有利。最大日平均输沙率均与最大流量峰值对应,说明水土流失主要发生在暴雨期间。选择流域内三种典型生态环境类型,进行原位水土流失观测,获得场雨产流过程和坡面流输沙率变化情况。结果显示,三种类型的平均悬移质输沙模数为65. 35～ 884. 78 t /km2· a ,暴雨期间准森林类最大瞬时输沙率为2 926 mg / L。在此基础上,估算得到在建库条件下50年总淤积量不超过地下库容的10% ,说明水土流失造成的水库淤积程度并不严重。      

喀斯特山区碳酸盐岩土壤抗蚀性影响因素研究——以贵州毕节石桥小流域为例

对石桥小流域碳酸盐岩土壤进行理化性质分析,结果表明: 灌草丛地、水保幼林荒草地、坡耕地土壤砂粒含量依次减少,物理性粘粒含量依次增多,说明坡耕地土壤粘质化最严重;灌草丛地水稳性团粒含量最多,粒级较大,土壤水稳性最好;灌草丛地有机质含量较多,结构破坏率较低,坡耕地土壤分散率、侵蚀率、受蚀指数分别是灌草丛地、水保幼林荒草地的1. 11、1. 14, 1. 04、1. 13, 1. 87、1. 82倍,耕地土壤团聚度、团聚状况分别是灌草丛地、水保幼林荒草地的0. 83、0. 84, 0. 69、0. 64倍,说明坡耕地分散率最大,土壤团聚状况最差,土壤抗分散能力弱;小流域内土壤的容重、毛管孔隙度较我国其它地区低,约分别为1. 0g /cm3 ,和39. 86% ,而非毛管孔隙度则较我国其它地区的高,均值为25. 88%。区内碳酸盐岩土壤孔隙的这种组合特征很容易导致上层土壤粘粒向下淋失淀积,堵塞下层土壤孔隙,造成土壤上下层间饱和渗透率的显著差异,对于土壤抵抗流水侵蚀很不利。      

组件式海岸带地形图符号库的设计与实现

从地图符号的本质和特征入手,根据具体应用把海岸带地形图符号进行分类和数据分层。最后,利用组件技术,设计完成了符合最新海岸带地形图图式标准的海岸带地形图符号库。     

深远海高质量地形探测方法探讨

随着海洋强国战略的推进和国家对深远海开发的重视程度不断增加,掌握全球海洋地形信息将变得越来越重要,所以深远海高质量地形的探测就变得极其重要。为获取高质量的深远海地形数据,以在西太平洋海域的深远海地球物理航次为基础,从航前准备、航次实施、数据处理及成果图件编制等方面探讨获取高质量深远海地形探测的方法和注意事项。通过对整个深远海高质量地形调查过程的介绍让后期相关项目从业人员了解整个项目过程中的关键节点和注意事项,对后期进行深远海地形探测的研究和开发、提升国家在国际深远海领域的话语权和自主权有着重要的意义。     

Variations in the response of the dune coast of northern France to major storms as a function of available beach sediment volume

A series of airborne topographic LiDAR data were obtained from May 2008 to January 2014 over two coastal sites of northern France (Bay of Wissant and east of Dunkirk). These data were used with wind and tide gauge measurements to assess the impacts of storms on beaches and coastal dunes, and particularly of the series of major storms that hit western Europe during the fall and early winter of 2013. Our results show a high variability in shoreline response from one site to the other, but also within each coastal site. Coastal dune erosion and shoreline retreat occurred at both sites, particularly on the coast of the Bay of Wissant where shoreline retreat up to about 40 m was measured. However, stability or even shoreline advance were also observed despite the occurrence of an extreme water level with a return period >100 years during the storm Xaver in early December 2013. Comparison of shoreline change with variations of coastal dune and upper beach volumes revealed only weak relationships. Our results nevertheless showed that shoreline behavior seems to strongly depend on the initial sediment volume on the upper beach before the occurrence of the storms. According to our measurements, an upper beach volume of about 30 m³ m^?1 between the dune toe and the mean high water level is sufficient at these sites to protect the coastal dunes from storm waves associated with high water levels with return periods >10 years. The identification of such thresholds in terms of upper beach width or sediment volume may represent valuable information for improving the management of shoreline change by providing an estimate of the minimum quantity of sand on the upper beach necessary to ensure shoreline stability in this region. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.