基于地图数据库的复合目标的建立

地形图综合中为了体现景观特征,必须考虑到要素间的关系,特别是在地形图的自动综合中更是如此。本文在地图数据库的基础上,探讨了复合目标的建立问题。     

The application of spatial data processing to land use conflict resolution in the lal lal water catchment of the Ballarat growth corridor: a case study from chapter one of the Buninyong planning scheme

Land use conflict within the Lal Lal Water Catchment is between landowners, the Shire, the Water Board and those directing regional pressures for development. It is exacerbated by inconsistency in building permit appraisal outcomes. The deliberations involved would clearly have benefited from access to spatial data sets through use of a Geographical Information System (GIS) during applications appraisal, in that inconsistencies are most obvious when mapped in relation to the criteria applied. GIS methodologies would ensure that information of a high standard was produced. Three strategic points are identified for the implementation of GIS: at the planning scheme formulation stage; the permit application stage; and the formal conflict resolution stage. Reference to GIS at the first two stages presupposes the existence of a local government area (LGA) spatial data base and a GIS/LIS that can output overlay maps. Application of GIS at the third stage is somewhat ‘after the event’. This study suggests that without such a regional review of the spatial patterns of permit appraisal criteria (including overland flow modelling) each appeal or negotiation is likely to yield an outcome that is inconsistent in relation to other cases. An LGA planning office maintaining a GIS with all layers relating to these criteria will have assembled its spatial data according to the requirements of its planning scheme and will make most use of it in a GIS at the permit appraisal stage.     

地形图高程精度的估计方法

本文针对缺少野外检测资料情况提出了两图对照检测法;探讨了高程误差分布规律;并在此基础上,提出不等权逐步回归法答解科佩系数。理论研究和实例均证明了这种方法的可取性。     

B-样条函数在地形图绘制中的应用

本文提出了利用B－样条函数绘制地形图中曲线的方法，并从根本上解决了等高线相交这一棘手问题．用户利用改变参数就可方便地调整曲线的光滑度和形状．     

Chernobyl radiocaesium in upland watershed-lake systems,Galloway, south west Scotland

Levels of Chernobyl radiocaesium found in the upland region of Galloway, south west Scotland were relatively high e.g. catchment mean¹³⁴Cs inventories ranged from 5.72±2.64 kBq m² to 8.72±1.46 kBq m². The nuclear weapons test¹³⁷Cs content of soils and peats was significantly augmented. Accurate assessment of spatial variations and temporal changes in the levels of contamination, however, are inhibited by its marked, short-range heterogeneity. No significant change in mean catchment inventories was detected over a twelve month period. Lake sediment inventories, however, were consistently enhanced from initially lower levels of contamination than their catchments' surfaces. Pre Chernobyl catchment and lake sediment¹³⁷Cs inventories, however, show no such contrast. Both are substantially lower than rainfall based predictions. These observations of the relative levels of Chernobyl and pre-existing radiocaesium in watersheds and their waterbodies have important implications for both the assessment of the catchment and lake residence times of particle-associated contaminants and the use of lake sediment records as monitors of such pollutants.     

流域蒸散发的气候学计算

应用武汉市日射站和东湖蒸发站的长期观测资料，对彭曼公式中的各项进行探讨和修正，研究反射率的计算方法，并采用气候学方法计算水面蒸发量和流域蒸散发能力，结果较为满意。     

艾比湖流域K3孔地区古地理演化分析与探讨

准噶尔盆地艾比湖流域K3钻孔是研究准噶尔盆地艾比湖流域地下水资源及其环境问题、合理建立水文地质概念模型提供地质基础,为生态地质环境评价提供依据.本文根据K3钻孔岩芯采集样品和测试结果,对艾比湖流域K3孔地区古地理演化进行了分析和探讨.     

A refined conversion from normal height to orthometric height

The difference between orthometric and normal heights (or the height anomaly and the geoid height) is usually approximated by a term consisting of the Bouguer anomaly times elevation divided by normal gravity. We derive an improved formula, which includes a topographic roughness term (terrain correction) and a term due to the lateral variation of topographic density, for the practical application of this conversion. It is shown that for high mountainous areas with rough topography these two terms are of the same order as the Bouguer anomaly related term. Already for elevations of a few hundred metres they could reach the order of a centimetre. In addition, for the more precise computations in high mountainous areas, a term related with the downward continuation of topographic potential from the surface to sea level could be significant.