激光雷达技术在我国地形测图中应用前景广阔

激光雷达技术（Light Detection and Ranging,LiDAR）是近十年来快速发展并得到广泛应用的测量手段。美国地质调查局（USGS）、美国国家宇航局（NASA）以及美国地质学会（AASG）已经开始讨论建设全美高分辨率激光雷达数据库。我国正处于东部城市化、土地利用巨变、西部无图而经济高速发展的时期,国家、地方、企业生产单位迫切需要现实性强、精确度高、比例尺大的地形数据产品。满足这些要求的主要途径是采用激光雷达这一先进的测绘技术。我们建议国家、地方与企业统筹规划,各司其职,努力建设我国的激光雷达基础数据库。本文通过Stoker等（2008）介绍的第二届全美激光雷达战略研讨会上论述的激光雷达技术特点、激光雷达数据的科学需求与应用以及商业化运作问题,结合我国目前的激光雷达发展趋势、测绘数据需求以及土地利用变化监测等科学问题,简析激光雷达技术在我国的应用前景。     

城区水文循环机制与改善策略分析

在城区化过程中,由于人口快速成长且集中,随之而来的建筑物、道路等不透水面密度增加,导致地下水补给减少及破坏水文循环。为了解土地利用方式改变对长期水文量影响,建立一个适宜的城区水循环模式是非常重要的。选定台湾台北的六馆抽水站集水区进行分析,模式参数经过敏感度分析、率定与验证。采用改变不同透水铺面设置比例的方案,评估其对径流量、入渗量、蒸发散量的改变。并分析设置不同比例屋顶雨水贮集系统对地表径流量及供水量的改变。所建立的城区水循环模式是评估土地利用改变造成水文量的改变的一个有效工具,并可提供决策者做为城区土地利用决策的参考。     

浅谈西部测图工程野外测绘工作如何进行有效管理

阐述了在西部测图工程中,结合两年的野外测绘生产实践,总结出一套完整的西部测图工程野外测绘工作的有效管理模式,为西部测图的顺利实施提供可靠保障,使西部测图工程野外测绘工作的管理更加科学和高效.     

利用Quickbird卫星遥感影像进行1∶10000比例尺基本地理信息数据更新的探讨

作者探索利用已有的控制点成果及1∶10000地形图矢量数据、高分辨率Quickbird卫星遥感影像,针对国内各省近年更新过的1∶10000数字正射影像数据、1∶10000地形图数据进行再次更新的方法进行了探索。     

Subsidence due to peat oxidation and impact on drainage infrastructures in a farmland catchment south of the Venice Lagoon

Large agricultural areas reclaimed in the past century, south of the Venice Lagoon, have experienced significant land subsidence due to oxidation of peat organic soils. This has exposed the region to flood hazard particularly during severe storms and has contributed to increase the marginal management cost of the infrastructures (ditches, levees, pumping stations) designed to operate the drainage system. Direct measurements and indirect evidence from the channel network suggest a land settlement between 1.5 and 2 m over the past 70 years. This paper provides an overview of the problem with important information on its most recent evolution.     

Karst groundwater protection in the Kupa River catchment area and sustainable development

One of the most significant water resources in the Republic of Croatia is the catchment area of the Kupa River, located in the region bordering the Republic of Slovenia. About 88% of the total amount of water in this catchment originates in Croatia and just 12% from Slovenia; therefore, the largest part of the catchment area (about 1000 km²) is on the Croatian side of the border. It is a typical karst area of the Dinarides with aquifers characterized by a relatively rapid water exchange, high groundwater flow velocities and aquifers open to human impact from the surface. Consequently, the aquifers are highly vulnerable and at risk. Due to the availability of large quantities of high-quality spring water (about 6 m³/s), the entire area has a strategic importance within the context of any future development strategy pertaining to the western part of Croatia. The catchment area on the Croatian side was investigated using a wide range of research methods that included a classical hydrogeological approach, the detailed hydrologic calculation of water balance to the hydrogeochemical analyses and modelling. The objective was to determine protection zones and protection measures for the whole area. The difficulties are increased due to the fact that the karst catchment area is crossed by major traffic corridors, oil pipelines and a railway and that many settlements and a highly developed wood industry are present. The combination of protecting water resources with adequate prevention measures and necessary remedial activities that should satisfy the very strict requirements necessary for the protection of the karst aquifers while still allowing for present and future human activities is difficult – but not impossible – to achieve. One good example is the present highway with a closed dewatering system and waste water treatment before the water passes into the karst underground system.     

我国西部1∶5万地形图空白区地物解译研究——以西藏那曲其香错地区为例

我国西部部分地区1∶5万地形图数据尚未完成,给区域和国家经济发展带来极大不便。空间技术、计算机技术和信息技术的高速发展为遥感技术应用提供了技术支持,高分辨率影像获取能力的提高为大比例尺地物特征的提取提供了数据可能。本文采用SPOT5遥感影像,以1∶5万地形图图式标准为依据,进行青藏高原其香错地区地物判读,结果表明SPOT5能基本满足1∶5万地形图制图要求。为进一步提高判读结果,可采用多时相、多分辨率影像进行1∶5万地形图地物判读。     

PRELIMINARY NUMERICAL STUDY OF TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON SURFACE DIRECT RADIATION*

To improve the simulating ability of a model,this paper presents a scheme of calculating direct radiation at land surface with topography in the model.A numerical study is conducted for the topographic effects of the Tibetan Plateau on the direct radiation using NCEP terrain data.Results show that,after taking account into the topographic radiation effect,the regional average of the radiation over the Plateau obviously increases in the local early morning and late afternoon,but changes less around noon.The effect is stronger in winter than that in summer.And heterogeneous topography has also affected the distribution of the radiation in this area.A simple numerical experiment shows that considering the effect will lead ground temperature to increase on the slope having more sunshine,and vice versa.     

PRELIMINARY NUMERICAL STUDY OF TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON SURFACE DIRECT RADIATION

To improve the simulating ability of a model,this paper presents a scheme of calculatingdirect radiation at land surface with topography in the model.A numerical study is conducted forthe topographic effects of the Tibetan Plateau on the direct radiation using NCEP terrain data.Results show that,after taking account into the topographic radiation effect,the regional averageof the radiation over the Plateau obviously increases in the local early morning and late afternoon,but changes less around noon.The effect is stronger in winter than that in summer.Andheterogeneous topography has also affected the distribution of the radiation in this area.A simplenumerical experiment shows that considering the effect will lead ground temperature to increase onthe slope having more sunshine,and vice versa.     

GIS支持下青海湖地区草地蝗虫发生的地形分析

草地蝗虫发生的地形分析是建立草地蝗虫发生预报模型的基础，以青海湖地区为实验区，在Arc/Info和ArcView地理信息系统的支持下，进行草地蝗虫发生与各地形变量（包括海拔高度、坡度与坡向）的叠置分析，提取草地蝗虫发生的地形信息数据库，然后，分别采用T－检验（对连续变量－海拔高度和坡度）和卡方（Chisquare)检验（对类变量－坡向类型）进行各地形变量对草地蝗虫发生的差异显著性检验，结果表明，海拔高度和坡度对草地蝗虫发生的影响极为显著（显著性水平p=0.000)，而坡向地草地蝗虫发生的影响不是特别明显（显著性水平p=0.039)。