堆石料三维形状量化及其对颗粒破碎的影响

筑坝堆石料由于尺寸较大,必须对其按一定比例缩尺后才能用来开展室内三轴试验。但缩尺前后颗粒形状难免会有差异,如何评价颗粒形状变化对堆石料变形特性的影响是十分重要的。引入了高精度的三维激光扫描技术对紫坪铺面板坝筑坝堆石料2.5～5、5～10、10～20 mm以及20～40 mm 4个粒径组的颗粒进行了空间形状分析,在此基础上进一步开展了单一粒组的三轴试验,研究了4个粒组的颗粒形状指标与颗粒破碎率的相关性。试验表明,紫坪铺堆石料颗粒破碎率随着其平均球度的增加而减小,并且呈近似半对数线性关系;随着围压的增加,颗粒形状对颗粒破碎的影响逐渐减弱,颗粒强度的影响逐渐增大。紫坪铺堆石料的颗粒强度随着颗粒尺寸的增加逐渐减小,但其破碎率反而随着颗粒尺寸的增加而逐渐减小,主要是因为试验所采用的紫坪铺堆石料颗粒尺寸越小时,其形状越不规则。因此,研究缩尺效应对颗粒破碎率的影响时,要同时考虑颗粒尺寸和颗粒形状。     

浅述深水水道的形态学特征

目前深水水道的分类方案较多,本文基于深水水道的形态学特征,且聚焦于单一型深水水道,将其划分为顺直型(曲率介于1～1.25)、低弯度S型(曲率介于1.25～1.5)和高弯度S型(曲率>1.5)。其中,顺直型水道侵蚀作用最强,往往不发育天然堤沉积,无侧向加积;低弯度S型水道发育天然堤,并具有侧向加积;高弯度S型天然堤及侧向加积最为发育,决口扇常与之伴生。深水水道的曲率是水道形态的直观表现,曲率大小主要受深水地貌即深水地形坡度的影响。在上陆坡区域,地形坡度较大,沉积物能量强,深水水道以顺直型为主。中陆坡区域,随着地形坡度的减缓,水道的弯曲形态也逐渐增加,形成低弯度S型,直至下陆坡,水道演变为高弯度的S型。     

珊瑚颗粒形状对钙质粗粒土的压缩性能影响

珊瑚颗粒形状不规则是其显著区别于陆源土的一大特征。为揭示珊瑚颗粒形状对钙质粗粒土压缩性能的影响,人工挑选出不同形状(块状、枝状、棒状、片状)的珊瑚颗粒,以块状颗粒为基础,与其他3种不同形状的粗颗粒任意一种混合,控制不同颗粒形状配比制成钙质粗粒土试样,完成室内压缩试验,对比分析试验前后珊瑚颗粒的圆度、长宽比、扁平度和凹凸度等形状参数,评价颗粒形状对压缩性能的影响。结果表明:(1)粒径为10~20 mm钙质粗粒土的压缩模量是4~5. 5 MPa,回弹系数为42~53;(2)随枝状、棒状或片状颗粒掺量的增加(0、10%、20%、30%),试样压缩模量呈小幅波状变化,回弹系数呈持续减小趋势;(3)各加载区间应力-应变曲线包括应力快速增长阶段、应力-应变同步增长阶段、应变增长阶段共3个阶段和1个稳定点;(4)随枝状颗粒掺量的增加,试样的长宽比和凹凸度逐渐增加,圆度和扁平度基本无变化;因颗粒破碎的影响,试验后试样的长宽比及扁平度有所增加,圆度及凹凸度则有所减小。选择钙质粗粒土地基时,应考虑其压缩性能,避免施工初期的快速加载。     

Effect of shape on holding capacity of plate anchors buried in soft soil

Plate anchor is one of the most common varieties of anchors used in the construction and maintenance work of various on-land and offshore structures. An accurate estimation of the uplift capacity of anchor foundations is necessary for an economical design as well as for the safety and stability of structures. This paper outlines the effect of shape of anchor plates on their breakout capacity, through a series of model tests. Both shallow and deep anchor behaviours were investigated under conditions developing suction force and without suction force. The results of these tests are presented in terms of load-displacement behaviour, variation of breakout factors (with and without suction force) with depth of embedment, the critical embedment depth of anchors and variation of suction force with embedment ratio. Further, the variations of breakout factor ratio with aspect ratio and embedment ratio are reported. Based on the experimental results and the model test results of other investigators an empirical relationship has been suggested to determine the shape factor and holding capacity of plate anchors buried in saturated cohesive soils.     

颗粒形状对碎石料孔隙特性影响研究

颗粒形状是影响碎石料孔隙特性的主要因素之一,进而影响碎石料的渗透特性和力学行为。选取粒径为2~5 mm和5~10 mm的灰岩碎石颗粒填筑试样,同时与相同级配和孔隙率的玻璃球试样进行对比研究,采用CT扫描技术和图形处理软件获取多孔介质孔隙边界轮廓,选取0.5 mm开度阈值分割孔隙;每组试样选取3张扫描断面图像,取定量参数的平均值为研究对象,对孔隙特性进行定量分析。结果表明：玻璃球多孔介质孔隙形状的复杂性甚于碎石料;玻璃球多孔介质孔隙系统的连通度大于同粒组碎石料。     

山西夏县中心地震台大地电场观测数据变化特征初探

处理、分析近年来山西夏县地震台大地电场观测数据发现,该台地电场正常日变化形态呈现"双峰双谷"特征;存在"单谷单峰"的年变化特征;对地磁暴反应明显;对山西地震带距台站300 km范围内发生的较强地震,震前存在较为明显的异常信息。该研究为正确分析、运用夏县台大地电场观测数据提供基础。     

从水流挟沙力和河槽形态规律分析黄河调水调沙

在分析水流挟沙力和河槽水力形态规律的基础上，研究调节流量、含沙量和泥沙组成的优化组合，解决河道输沙减淤和河槽相对稳定问题，提出调水调沙方向。达到合理利用水资源和河道减淤与治理相结合的目的．     

DEM modeling of pullout behavior of geogrid reinforced ballast: The effect of particle shape

The performance of a geogrid reinforced system depends heavily on the properties of interface between the interacting components (i.e., backfill soil and geogrid inclusion). The comprehensive understanding of soil-geogrid interaction requires proper consideration of the true aperture geometry and the discontinuous nature of backfill soil. Based on the calibrated parameters, this paper presents a simulation procedure using PFC3D to reproduce the realistic pull-out behaviors of a triaxial geogrid embedded in various ballast aggregates with diverse particle shapes. The load transfer behaviors across the interacting components have been visualized in terms of the evolution of bond forces along the geogrid and the evolution of contact forces across the particle assembly. Meanwhile, the inherent microscopic changes accounting for the regression of macroscopic strength and the correlation between macro pull-out force and micro anisotropy parameters have been addressed. In addition, the differences in macro performance and the particle responses produced by different shapes of particles are also systematically discussed to justify the significant role of particle geometry. The findings obtained in this study are expected to provide better understanding of soil-geogrid interaction and the improved interlocking caused by irregular ballast geometry.     

Strain and competence contrast estimation from fold shape

A new method to estimate strain and competence contrast from natural fold shapes is developed and verified by analogue and numerical experiments. Strain is estimated relative to the nucleation amplitude, A_N, which is the fold amplitude when the amplification velocities caused by kinematic layer thickening and dynamic folding are identical. A_N is defined as the initial amplitude corresponding to zero strain because folding at amplitudes smaller than A_N is dominantly by kinematic layer thickening. For amplitudes larger than A_N, estimates of strain and competence contrast are contoured in thickness-to-wavelength (H/λ) and amplitude-to-wavelength (A/λ) space. These quantities can be measured for any observed fold shape. Contour maps are constructed using existing linear theories of folding, a new nonlinear theory of folding and numerical simulations, all for single-layer folding. The method represents a significant improvement to the arc length method. The strain estimation method is applied to folds in viscous (Newtonian), power-law (non-Newtonian) and viscoelastic layers. Also, strain partitioning in fold trains is investigated. Strain partitioning refers to the difference in strain accommodated by individual folds in the fold train and by the whole fold train. Fold trains within layers exhibiting viscous and viscoelastic rheology show different characteristic strain partitioning patterns. Strain partitioning patterns of natural fold trains can be used to assess the rheological behaviour during fold initiation.