Learning from CDM SD tool experience for Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement (PA) emphasizes the intrinsic relationship between climate change and sustainable development (SD) and welcomes the 2030 agenda for the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yet, there is a lack of assessment approaches to ensure that climate and development goals are achieved in an integrated fashion and trade-offs avoided. Article 6.4 of the PA introduces a new Sustainable Mitigation Mechanism (SMM) with the dual aim to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and foster SD. The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has a similar objective and in 2014, the CDM SD tool was launched by the Executive Board of the CDM to highlight the SD benefits of CDM activities. This article analyses the usefulness of the CDM SD tool for stakeholders and compares the SD tool’s SD reporting requirements against other flexible mechanisms and multilateral standards to provide recommendations for improvement. A key conclusion is that the Paris Agreement’s SMM has a stronger political mandate than the CDM to measure that SD impacts are ‘real, measurable and long-term’. Recommendations for an improved CDM SD tool are a relevant starting point to develop rules, modalities, and procedures for SD assessment in Article 6.4 as well as for other cooperative mitigation approaches.

POLICY RELEVANCE

Research findings are relevant for developing the rulebook of modalities and procedures for Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement, which introduces a new mechanism for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and sustainable development. Lessons learnt from the CDM SD tool and recommendations for enhanced SD assessment are discussed in context of Article 6 cooperative approaches, and make a timely contribution to inform negotiations on the rulebook agreed by the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.     

For your eyes only? Evaluating a coordinated and multiple views tool with a map,a parallel coordinated plot and a table using an eye-tracking approach

Geographic visualization tools with coordinated and multiple views (CMV) typically provide sets of visualization methods. Such configuration gives users the possibility of investigating data in various visual contexts; however, it can be confusing due to the multiplicity of visual components and interactive functions. We addressed this challenge and conducted an empirical study on how a CMV tool, consisting of a map, a parallel coordinate plot (PCP), and a table, is used to acquire information. We combined a task-based approach with eye-tracking and usability metrics since these methods provide comprehensive insights into users’ behaviour. Our empirical study revealed that the freedom to choose visualization components is appreciated by users. The individuals worked with all the available visualization methods and they often used more than one visualization method when executing tasks. Different views were used in different ways by various individuals, but in a similarly effective way. Even PCP, which is claimed to be problematic, was found to be a handy way of exploring data when accompanied by interactive functions.     

水平层状非均质TI地层中仪器偏心情况下三维感应测井响应高效数值模拟与响应特征分析

本文针对中国石油集团测井有限公司(CPL)三维阵列感应测井仪器(Three Dimensional Induction Tool,TDIT)的真实结构与参数,利用2.5维数值模式匹配技术研究建立水平层状非均质TI地层中仪器偏心情况下三维感应测井响应的高效数值模拟算法.首先,利用2.5维数值模式匹配技术给出水平层状非均质TI模型中偏心磁流源并矢Green函数的半解析解.在此基础上,结合三维阵列感应测井仪器参数以及测量过程中出现的仪器偏心与旋转等实际情况,通过叠加原理推导出该仪器响应的有效计算公式.最后,通过数值模拟结果分析考察仪器偏心、仪器自旋角等参数对测井响应的影响以及变化特征,为多分量感应资料处理与解释提供理论基础.     

Location and probability of shoal margin collapses in a sandy estuary

Channel bank failure, and collapses of shoal margins and beaches due to flow slides, have been recorded in Dutch estuaries for the past 200 years but have hardly been recognized elsewhere. Current predictions lack forecasting capabilities, because they were validated and calibrated for historic data of cross‐sections in specific systems, allowing local hindcast rather than location and probability forecasting. The objectives of this study were to investigate where on shoal margins collapses typically occur and what shoal margin collapse geometries and volumes are, such that we can predict their occurrence. We identified shoal margin collapses, generally completely submerged, from bathymetry data by analyzing digital elevation models of difference of the Western Scheldt for the period 1959–2015. We used the bathymetry data to determine the conditions for occurrence, specifically to obtain slope height and angle, and applied these variables in a shoal margin collapse predictor. We found 299 collapses along 300 km of shoal margin boundaries over 56 years, meaning that more than five collapses occur on average per year. The average shoal margin collapse body is well approximated by a 1/3 ellipsoid shape, covers on average an area of 34 000 m² and has an average volume of 100 000 m³. Shoal margin collapses occur mainly at locations where shoals take up a proportionally larger area than average in the cross‐section of the entire estuary, and occur most frequently where lateral shoal margin displacement is low. A receiver operating characteristic curve shows that the forecasting method predicts the shoal margin collapse location well. We conclude that the locations of the shoal margin collapses are well predicted by the variation in conditions of the relative slope height and angle within the Western Scheldt, and likely locations are at laterally relatively stable shoal margins. This provides hypotheses aiding the recognition of these features in sandy estuaries worldwide. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于ArcGIS模型构建器处理1∶5000专题地理信息数据的方法

在基于ArcGIS模型处理1∶5000专题地理信息数据过程中,数据的批量面擦除、批量数据整合和裁切、数据属性一致性检查、数据格式转换到外业调绘平板是生产过程中遇到的主要问题,为了提高作业效率,利用ArcGIS模型构建器对专题地理数据处理程序进行了研究。本文详细介绍了主要程序的关键技术和在实际应用中取得的较好效果。     

煤层气井产出剖面测试技术及应用

现有常规油气井产出剖面测试方法在煤层气井中适应性较差,测试范围和测量工艺等存在局限性,施工成功率低。因此,本文对煤层气井产出剖面测试技术进行了整体的系统化设计和研发。通过紧凑的结构设计、高度集成,研发了一套可同时进行温度、压力、磁性定位、热式流量、探针持气率、微波持气、涡轮流量和超声流量等多参数测量的煤层气井测井仪,并研制了一套一次下井可进行多种测试技术测量的煤层气井产出剖面测试技术。同时提高了测试仪器的精度和抗干扰能力,开发了多任务多窗口的便携地面系统操作,并研制新型偏心测试井口应用于煤层气井,实现修井作业时不间断连续测试。该技术在鄂尔多斯盆地石楼北区块3口煤层气井进行了现场试验,取得精确、连续的测试数据。测试结果显示,石楼北区块8^#+9^#煤层为主力产气、产水层。     

基于单能窄束伽马射线算法计算高分辨率屏蔽自然伽马探测器的三维测井响应

本文应用单能窄束伽马射线理论建立高分辨率屏蔽自然伽马探测器三维测井响应的数值模拟算法.首先利用单能窄束原理,用稳态扩散方程描述伽马光子密度的空间分布,根据扩散方程基本解、放射源空间分布、探测器位置和屏蔽情况,将屏蔽探测器上的总伽马通量表示成放射性地层中的有效探测区域上的体积分和晶体表面上有效接收面的面积分形式.并根据伽马射线传播路径和探测器屏蔽情况,给出有效探测区域的解析表达式,通过数值积分法计算任意复杂情况下探测器上的自然伽马通量,获得伽马测井响应的3D数值模拟算法.并通过数值模拟结果与模型井数据的对比验证了该算法的有效性.最后通过3D数值模拟算法系统研究考察晶体形状（圆柱形晶体、方形晶体）、晶体长度、仪器在井轴中的位置（居中屏蔽探测器、贴井壁屏蔽探测器）、以及测速等不同情况下自然伽马测井响应,设计出新型高分辨率自然伽马测井仪器.     

新世纪第二个五年测井技术的若干进展

本文对新世纪第二个五年测井技术的进展进行评述,分析电缆测井、随钻测井、地层测试等井筒探测技术的发展状况,介绍了一些最新的测井仪器和测井方法,重点讨论了测井技术在地层各向异性探测方向的进展.此外对井下永久传感器网络技术,噪声测井,重力测井,过钻头测井的进展进也行了介绍.     

爆炸装置搜索视景仿真训练系统的设计与实现

为解决搜爆人员在爆炸装置搜索训练过程中,真实训练环境搭建繁琐、人力与物资成本投入大等问题,在分析搜索爆炸装置训练过程的基础上,设计了一套爆炸装置搜索训练视景仿真系统。该系统通过搜爆场景逐级细化的方法构建虚拟场景,且以具有感应能力的三维模型模拟摩尔探测仪与非线性节点探测仪等搜爆工具。基于Open Scene Graph(OSG)图形开发库,以VC++为开发环境实现了爆炸装置搜索训练视景仿真。实践证明:该系统仿真度高,达到了爆炸装置搜索仿真训练的效果,并且运行流畅,沉浸感强。     

蓄能式绳索取心液动潜孔锤的应用研究

蓄能式绳索取心液动潜孔锤钻具是在普通绳索取心钻具总成上端增加了发生和传递冲击载荷的结构,将冲击载荷通过绳索取心钻具外管传递至钻头。新疆达坂城黑沟-达拉地布拉克铀矿工区裂隙、构造蚀变带和构造破碎带发育,地层破碎,使用普通绳索取心钻具钻进,岩心极易堵塞、回次进尺短、频繁打捞内管、钻进效率极低。使用蓄能式绳索取心液动潜孔锤钻具钻进,增加了回次进尺,提高了钻进效率。论文依据施工现场使用情况,介绍了蓄能式绳索取心液动潜孔锤的结构和工作原理,统计、总结了应用情况,论述了绳索取心液动潜孔锤得出的应用结论。