A new approach to numerical simulation of source development of earthquake

ＡｎｅｗａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｔｏｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｕｒｃｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅＣＨＵＮ－ＡＮＴＡＮＧ（唐春安）ＹＵ－ＦＡＮＧＦＵ（傅宇方）ＷＥＮＺＨＡＯ（赵文）ＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＲｏｃｋｂｕｒｓｔｓ...     

Identification of damage in reinforced concrete structures from earthquake records- optimal location of sensors

A method for the localization of structural damage in seismically excited reinforced concrete (RC) structures using a measured acceleration response time series is presented. From the measured response of some or all storeys, the two lowest smoothed eigenfrequencies and mode shape coordinates are estimated. These estimated values are used as an input to a developed substructure iteration method where local storey damages are estimated in such a way that these smoothed values are reproduced. The local damage indicator of a substructure is defined as the average reduction of the stiffness matrix of the initial undamaged substructure. The method is applied to simulated data of a six-storey, two-bay test frame (scale 1:5) that is to be tested at the Structural Laboratory of Aalborg University, Denmark. The simulations are performed using the non-linear finite element program SARCOF. Special emphasis is put on the investigation of the optimal location of measurement sensors, i.e. at which locations along the structure is the most information about the damage distribution gained. In all cases it is assumed that measurements are performed at top storey and ground surface, and the investigations are concentrated on putting one or two more measurement points in between. The two cases where the structure is excited in the first and second mode are investigated, and it is found that in general the sensors should be placed in the lower part of the structure. Furthermore, it is found that the method provides good results even when only the measurements at top storey and ground surface are used.     

地震信号广义时频分析及其数值实现

基于分数阶Fourier变换的信号时频分析称为广义时频分析,将其引入地震信号处理中,是对现有基于传统变换时频分析方法的广义化拓展。这里着重数值实现,探索基于分数阶Fourier变换的时频分析,并应用了其在物探技术中新思路和比较的优势。在分数阶Fourier变换基本定义的基础上,数值实现离散分数阶Fourier变换;研究三类广义时频分析方法及其数值实现;针对地震信号,以伪Wigner分布为例,展示广义时频分析效果。经研究表明:实现的数值算法正确有效;地震信号新的广义时频分布能量更加集中,时频分析的聚焦度和信息特征更加清晰。由此可见,广义时频分析为地震信息特征分析、预测和提取提供新的视角和工具,值得进一步研究和推广。     

基于信号分解的时频分析方法在高频地波雷达目标监测中的应用研究

假设目标的速度在相干积累时间内是时变的，而目标的加速度在相干积累时间内是不变的，分析了在这种假设情况下回波信号的处理模型。在比较传统的STFT（short-time Fourier transform）和WVD（wigner-Ville distribution）等常用时频分析方法的基础上，提出了一种基于信号分解的时频分析方法。该方法既可避免STFT方法的时间和频率分辨率不能同时提高的不足，又可成功解决WVD交叉项干扰的问题，并通过实测数据验证了本文所提方法的正确性。     

Effects of Gabor transform parameters on signa time-frequency resolution

In this paper, it is described that the time-frequency resolution of geophysical signals is affected by the time window function attenuation coefficient and sampling interval and how such effects are eliminated effectively. Improving the signal resolution is the key to signal time-frequency analysis processing and has wide use in geophysical data processing and extraction of attribute parameters. In this paper, authors research the effects of the attenuation coefficient choice of the Gabor transform window function and sampling interval on signal resolution. Unsuitable parameters not only decrease the signal resolution on the frequency spectrum but also miss the signals. It is essential to first give the optimum window and range of parameters through time-frequency analysis simulation using the Gabor transform. In the paper, the suggestions about the range and choice of the optimum sampling interval and processing methods of general seismic signals are given.     

基于小波时频分析的锚固缺陷诊断方法

锚固体系中存在不同大小和程度的缺陷时,声波在传播过程中将产生能量衰减、相位突变及频散现象.利用小波时频分析及能量集中特性,提取信号的相位特征,结合波阻抗能量分析方法,可以对锚固系统中的锚固缺陷进行准确定位.讨论了这种方法的实现过程,三峡工程实际应用验证了该方法是可行的.     

Interactions between serpentinite devolatilization, metasomatism and strike-slip strain localization during deep-crustal shearing in the Eastern Alps

The Greiner shear zone in the Tauern Window, Eastern Alps, changes from a zone of distributed (dominantly sinistral) shear in supracrustal rocks to a series of narrow, gully forming dextral splays where it enters basement gneisses. Within these splays, granodiorite is transformed into quartz‐poor biotite and/or chlorite schists, reflecting hydration, removal of Si, Ca and Na, and concentration of Fe, Mg and Al. Stable isotope analyses show a prominent increase in δD and a decrease in δ¹⁸O from granodiorite into the shear zones. These changes indicate significant channelized flow of an externally derived, low‐δ¹⁸O, high‐δD fluid through the shear zones. The shear zone schists are chemically similar to blackwall zones developed around serpentinite bodies elsewhere in the Greiner zone and the stable isotope data support alteration via serpentinite‐derived fluid. Monazite in schist from one shear zone yields spot dates of 29–20 Ma, indicating that the fluid influx and switch from sinistral to dextral shear occurred at or shortly after the thermal peak of the Alpine orogeny (c. 30 Ma). We suggest that Alpine metamorphism of serpentinites released large amounts of high‐δD, low‐δ¹⁸O, Si‐undersaturated, Fe + Mg‐saturated fluids that became channelized along prior zones of weakness in the granodiorite. Infiltration of this fluid facilitated growth of chlorite and biotite, which in turn localized later dextral strain in the narrow splays via cleavage‐parallel slip. This dextral strain event can be linked to other structures that accommodated tectonic escape of major crustal blocks during dextral transpression in the Eastern Alps. This study shows that serpentinite devolatilization can play an important role in modifying both the chemistry and rheology of surrounding rocks during orogenesis.     

Seismic strain rates and distributed continental deformation in the northern Andes and three-dimensional seismotectonics of northwestern South America

Remote sensing and field studies of several extensional basins along the northern margin of the Gulf of Aden in Yemen show that Oligocene–Miocene syn-rift extension trends N20°E on average, in agreement with the E–W to N120°E strike of main rift-related normal faults, but oblique to the main trend of the Gulf (N70°E). These faults show a systematic reactivation under a 160°E extensional stress that we interpret also as syn-rift. The occurrence of these two successive phases of extension over more than 1000 km along the continental margin suggests a common origin linked to the rifting process. After discussing other possible mechanisms such as a change in plate motion, far-field effects of Arabia–Eurasia collision, and stress rotations in transfer zones, we present a working hypothesis that relates the 160°E extension to the westward propagation since about 20 Ma of the N70°E-trending, obliquely spreading, Gulf of Aden oceanic rift. The late 160°E extension, perpendicular to the direction of rift propagation, could result from crack-induced extension associated with the strain localization that characterises the rift-to-drift transition.     

Application of wavelet analysis to crustal deformation data processing

The time-frequency analysis and anomaly detection of wavelet transformation make the method irresistibly advantageous in non-stable signal processing. In the paper, the two characteristics are analyzed and demonstrated with synthetic signal. By applying wavelet transformation to deformation data processing, we find that about 4 months before strong earthquakes, several deformation stations near the epicenter received at the same time the abnormal signal with the same frequency and the period from several days to more than ten days. The GPS observation stations near the epicenter all received the abnormal signal whose period is from 3 months to half a year. These abnormal signals are possibly earthquake precursors. Foundation item: Joint Seismological Science Foundation of China (604021) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (40074024).