中西生态旅游解说系统差异化研究进展及本土化路径

解说是生态旅游实现其环境教育责任的重要手段,在西方其研究和行业发展已积累了大量成功的理论和实践经验。本文从解说方程式中资源、受众和媒介3个关键要素入手,依据地域分异规律、生态学原理、地理环境决定论等理论,梳理中西方解说系统差异的根源所在。结果发现：西方受“人地分立”价值取向的影响,保持着生态旅游的“纯自然性”,西方的海洋外向型思维延续了注重空间拓展、关注自然客体奥秘的传统,媒介设计鼓励多方利益相关者参与,强调长期公益性;中国人受“天人合一”的审美价值的影响,接受生态旅游自然与人文资源的结合,大陆内向型思维形成了求稳好静的性格,探索未知事物的兴趣较弱,媒介的物造形式胜过内容要求,短期功利性突出。最后,本文提出中国生态旅游解说本土化路径,包括确定可行的解说目标、挖掘双重价值的资源、定位受众特征与类型、标准化规范引导媒介设计等。     

EnKF局地化算法对雷达资料同化的影响研究

分级集合滤波(Hierarchical Ensemble Filter,HEF)和采样误差修正(Sampling Error Correction,SEC)局地化算法能够使采样误差取得极小值,且不需要给出距离的定义。为了检验其理论优势,基于集合卡尔曼滤波(Ensemble Kalman Filter,En KF)方法同化模拟雷达资料,通过与Gaspari-Cohn(GC)局地化算法对比,分析不同局地化算法对En KF同化效果的影响。结果表明,HEF和SEC局地化算法的雷达回波在水平和垂直方向上均强于GC局地化算法。HEF局地化算法各个变量的离散度最高,均方根误差最低;SEC局地化算法离散度略低,均方根误差略高;GC局地化算法离散度最低,均方根误差最高。相比于GC局地化算法,HEF和SEC局地化算法的冷池强度减弱,面积减小,下沉气流的速度和范围增大,雹霰混合比的大小和覆盖面积增大。通过模拟发现,HEF局地化算法模拟的北侧对流中心最强,SEC局地化算法模拟的南侧对流中心最强,且模拟出(40 km,60 km)处的强对流中心。HEF局地化算法模拟的冷池强度最强,HEF和SEC局地化算法基本上模拟出北侧的雹霰混合比高值区。这表明HEF局地化算法有效地改进了基于GC局地化算法的En KF雷达资料同化效果,SEC局地化算法减小了计算量,是HEF局地化算法较好的近似。     

基于时频电磁法的冀中坳陷油气藏勘探调查

将时频电磁法应用于冀中坳陷潜山型油气藏调查中,通过分析潜山油气藏的电磁特性以及岩芯测试结果,总结出潜山带上层油气藏的电磁异常特征为高极化率、低电阻率;潜山内部油气藏的异常特征为高极化率、高电阻率。依据异常参数,在牛驼镇凸起地区划分了2-1,3-1,5-1,5-2和9-1,5个潜山含油气有利区,与现有钻探数据基本吻合。     

一种基于多目视觉的无人机实时定位方法

提出了一种基于多目视觉的实时无人机自动定位方法。该方法将多相机和多台计算机联合组建局域网,通过相机标定、图像同步采集、背景差分与前方交会等实现无人机自动检测与定位。为了验证该方法的有效性,开发了一套无人机检测和定位的软硬件系统,试验结果表明该方法是可行、有效的,定位精度满足要求。     

Bearing capacity of shallow foundations in transversely isotropic granular media

The main focus in this work is on the assessment of bearing capacity of a shallow foundation in an inherently anisotropic particulate medium. Both the experimental and numerical investigations are carried out using a crushed limestone with elongated angular‐shaped aggregates. The experimental study involves small‐scale model tests aimed at examining the variation of bearing capacity as a function of the angle of deposition of the material. In addition, the results of a series of triaxial and direct shear tests are presented and later employed to identify the material functions/parameters. The numerical part of this work is associated with the development and implementation of a constitutive framework that describes the mechanical response of transversely isotropic frictional materials. The framework is based on the elastoplasticity and accounts for the effects of strain localization and inherent anisotropy of both the deformation and strength characteristics. The results of numerical simulations are compared withthe experimental data. A parametric study is also carried out aimed at examining the influence of various simplifications in the mathematical framework on its predictive abilities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地形高度依赖水平局地化尺度方案在台风数值模拟中的应用试验

为了探究GRAPES区域集合三维变分混合同化系统中"地形高度依赖水平局地化尺度方案"对台风预报性能的影响,以"苏迪罗"台风(2015)和"杜鹃"台风(2015)为例,开展了集合变分混合同化系统在台风中的应用试验,对比分析了"地形高度依赖水平局地化尺度方案"和非"地形高度依赖水平局地化尺度方案"集合变分混合同化后台风路径...     

A phenomenological constitutive model for rocks with shear failure mode

In this paper, a phenomenological constitutive model is proposed to simulate the stress–strain behaviours of intact rocks with shear failure mode. The model captures a wide range of behaviours of rock material such as elastic, plastic, strain softening, ‘Class II’, strain localization, elastic modulus degradation, etc. The sensitivity of the stress–strain relation on the parameters is also investigated. Typical results obtained by testing a number of granite and marble specimens are used to validate the proposed model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new approach to numerical simulation of source development of earthquake

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Identification of damage in reinforced concrete structures from earthquake records- optimal location of sensors

A method for the localization of structural damage in seismically excited reinforced concrete (RC) structures using a measured acceleration response time series is presented. From the measured response of some or all storeys, the two lowest smoothed eigenfrequencies and mode shape coordinates are estimated. These estimated values are used as an input to a developed substructure iteration method where local storey damages are estimated in such a way that these smoothed values are reproduced. The local damage indicator of a substructure is defined as the average reduction of the stiffness matrix of the initial undamaged substructure. The method is applied to simulated data of a six-storey, two-bay test frame (scale 1:5) that is to be tested at the Structural Laboratory of Aalborg University, Denmark. The simulations are performed using the non-linear finite element program SARCOF. Special emphasis is put on the investigation of the optimal location of measurement sensors, i.e. at which locations along the structure is the most information about the damage distribution gained. In all cases it is assumed that measurements are performed at top storey and ground surface, and the investigations are concentrated on putting one or two more measurement points in between. The two cases where the structure is excited in the first and second mode are investigated, and it is found that in general the sensors should be placed in the lower part of the structure. Furthermore, it is found that the method provides good results even when only the measurements at top storey and ground surface are used.     

地震信号广义时频分析及其数值实现

基于分数阶Fourier变换的信号时频分析称为广义时频分析,将其引入地震信号处理中,是对现有基于传统变换时频分析方法的广义化拓展。这里着重数值实现,探索基于分数阶Fourier变换的时频分析,并应用了其在物探技术中新思路和比较的优势。在分数阶Fourier变换基本定义的基础上,数值实现离散分数阶Fourier变换;研究三类广义时频分析方法及其数值实现;针对地震信号,以伪Wigner分布为例,展示广义时频分析效果。经研究表明:实现的数值算法正确有效;地震信号新的广义时频分布能量更加集中,时频分析的聚焦度和信息特征更加清晰。由此可见,广义时频分析为地震信息特征分析、预测和提取提供新的视角和工具,值得进一步研究和推广。