非平稳地震信号匹配追踪时频分析

根据三步法匹配追踪原理实现了基于雷克子波的地震信号自适应分解,在此基础上,讨论了利用匹配子波进行地震信号时频表征的方法。由于常规匹配追踪时频是以Wigner-Ville分布为基础,得到的时频信息有限,因此给出了一种基于可调窗口的短时傅氏变换时频表示方法,进而又利用各匹配子波的复谱,引入一种新的时频表示方法,不仅与Wigner-Ville方法具有同等的分辨率和能量聚集特性,而且保留了原信号的最基本时频特征,不存在交叉项和窗口截断效应。通过与短时傅氏变换和S变换时频特征的对比发现,匹配追踪时频表征和瞬时谱参数具有更高的分辨率。实际数据的应用也表明,匹配追踪分解非常适用于非平稳特征的地震信号的时频分析。     

基于重叠变换和时频分析的直扩系统自适应干扰抑制算法

提出一种新的直扩系统自适应干扰抑制算法。针对维格纳分布的不足，采用重叠变换将多分量信号分解成为一系列的单分量信号并通过维格纳分布去确定单分量干扰的频率，并设计时变IIR滤波器，和通常采用的线性相位FIR滤波器相比，IIR滤波器具有理想的点阻特性。仿真结果证实IIR滤波器的BER性能好于FIR滤波器。     

梯度塑性理论及其在地质灾害预测研究中的应用

岩石结构稳定性问题是岩土工程实践中迫切需要解决的重要课题之一。文章以地震为例，讨论了地质灾害的局部化特征，介绍了经典弹、塑性理论的某些缺陷及梯度塑性理论的几点优越性：(1)控制方程总是适定的；(2)病态网格依赖性消失；(3)局部化带宽度由材料的内部长度完全确定；(4)可对岩石结构的尺寸效应及失稳回跳进行合理解释和预测；(5)对预测宏观及微观问题均比较有效。介绍了基于梯度塑性理论的岩石变形、破坏及稳定性研究进展。梯度塑性理论可用于研究单轴压缩条件下，岩石试件发生剪切破坏时全程应力一应变曲线、尺寸效应、剪切带倾角尺寸效应及失稳回跳等问题。它们对土木工程及岩土工程均十分重要。若将单轴压缩岩样比拟为矿柱，则该失稳判据即为矿柱岩爆准则。梯度塑性理论可用于研究韧性断层带内部应变、应变率分布规律、断层带错动位移及带内孔隙度分布规律，为韧性断层带定量分析提供了新的手段。此外，该理论还可对直剪试验机——岩样系统不稳定性进行分析，系统失稳可比拟为断层岩爆。发展基于梯度塑性理论尺度律及失稳判据等解析解一方面可加深对岩石变形、破坏的理解；另一方面。还可用来检验数值结果的正确性。     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换的长周期地震动能量时频分布比较研究

远场类谐和地震动与近断层脉冲型地震动是两种不同类型的长周期地震动,确定其能量的时频分布特性对理解长周期地震动作用下长周期结构的反应特点及揭示结构破坏机理具有重要意义.各选10条远场类谐和地震动、近断层脉冲型地震动与普通地震动,利用Hilbert-Huang变换,提取出各地震动的3-D Hilbert幅值谱、边际谱、Hilbert能量谱与瞬时能量曲线,在此基础上提出累积能量谱、强频段、能量时间分布系数等概念,定义了多个指标对比分析三类地震动的长周期特性、宽频带特性和脉冲特性.结果表明:与普通地震动相比,远场类谐和地震动与近断层脉冲型地震动的能量主要集中于较低的频段,长周期特性明显,且远场类谐和地震动的能量集中频段低于近断层脉冲型地震动;远场类谐和地震动的强频段宽度小于其他两类地震动,且能量在强频段内的分布比其他两类地震动均匀;与其他两类地震动相比,远场类谐和地震动的脉冲特性不明显;三类地震动的卓越频率与能量时间分布系数均存在明显的分布规律,可以作为地震动的能量表征参数.     

Spatial localization of closeness and betweenness measures: a self-contradictory but useful form of network analysis

Closeness and betweenness are forms of spatial network analysis grounded in a long-standing tradition of measuring accessibility and flow potential. More recently, these measures have been enhanced by the concept of spatial localization, producing effective models for the prediction of pedestrian and vehicle driver behaviour.

A contradiction arises where the distance metric used to define locality does not match the distance metric used to define shortest paths for closeness and betweenness. A typical case is the use of angular shortest paths within a Euclidean buffer as a pedestrian flow model. Such a model assumes that people make a mode choice based on distance, but a route choice based on least angular change – even when this results in an excessively long ‘problem route’, which conflicts with their criterion for mode choice.

This study examines the prevalence of problem routes and the magnitude of their effect on some pedestrian and vehicle models. We show that while in a weighted analysis, pathological cases could invalidate an entire model, in the models presented the effect of this contradiction is minor. We do this by comparing model predictions to real flow data, using four strategies for handling problem routes: ignore, discard, reroute and strict locality. Strict locality is justified on the grounds of bounded rationality. We find all strategies to give broadly similar results, although the reroute and strict strategies give marginally better simulation accuracy. We also present a discussion of the characteristics of each strategy, and findings on computational efficiency.

We conclude that it is prudent in any computation of localized closeness and betweenness to consider the impact of problem routes; however, they do not necessarily invalidate these forms of analysis, which remain useful.     

A Runge–Kutta,Taylor–Galerkin scheme for hyperbolic systems with source terms. Application to shock wave propagation in viscoplastic geomaterials

This paper presents an alternative formulation of Solid Dynamics problems based on (i) a mathematical model consisting of a system of hyperbolic PDEs where the source term is originated by the viscoplastic strain rate and (ii) a splitting scheme where the two‐step Taylor–Galerkin is used for the advective part of the PDE operator while the sources are integrated using a fourth‐order Runge–Kutta. Use of the splitting scheme results in a higher accuracy than that of the original two‐step Taylor–Galerkin. The scheme performs well when used with linear triangle or tetrahedra for (i) bending‐dominated situations (ii) localized failure under dynamic conditions and keeps the advantages of the two‐step Taylor–Galerkin concerning numerical dispersion and damping of short wavelengths. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analytical and numerical investigation of uniqueness and localization in saturated porous media

This paper presents first the applications of uniqueness and strain localization analysis of saturated porous media, where localization of deformation into well defined narrow zones in a saturated porous medium is studied in terms of discontinuous bifurcation theory. A generalized plasticity constitutive model and a Mohr–Coulomb model are used in both the theoretical and numerical analyses of shear band formations. The critical hardening moduli and shear band angle for localization are computed, and quantitative results are given for both constitutive models. Numerical results previously obtained and new ones are confirmed by this analytical and numerical investigation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三星星座对地定位的最佳构形研究

用数值方法对三星星座几何构形与定位精度的关系进行了仿真计算，结果表明对满足较高定位精度的区域进行定位，三星的几何构形呈等边三角形时，定位精度最高。     

Localized spectral analysis of global satellite gravity fields for recovering time-variable mass redistributions

A spatiospectral localization method is discussed for processing the global geopotential coefficients from satellite mission data to investigate time-variable gravity. The time-variable mass variation signal usually appears associated with a particular geographical area yielding inherently regional structure, while the dependence of the satellite gravity errors on a geographical region is not so evident. The proposed localization amplifies the signal-to-noise ratio of the (non-stationary) time-variable signals in the geopotential coefficient estimates by localizing the global coefficients to the area where the signal is expected to be largest. The results based on localization of the global satellite gravity coefficients such as Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Gravity and Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) indicate that the coseismic deformation caused by great earthquakes such as the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake can be detected by the low-low tracking and the gradiometer data within the bandwidths of spherical degrees 15–30 and 25–100, respectively. However, the detection of terrestrial water storage variation by GOCE gradiometer is equivocal even after localization.     

Ideal Case Study of Adaptive Localization in Storm-scale Ensemble Kalman Filter Assimilation

This study explores the use of the hierarchical ensemble filter to determine the localized influence of ob-servations in the Weather Research and Forecasting ensemble square root filtering (WRF-EnSRF) assimilation system. With error correlations between observations and background field state variables considered, the adaptive localization approach is applied to conduct a series of ideal storm-scale data assimilation experiments using simulated Doppler radar data. Comparisons between adaptive and empirical localization methods are made, and the feasibility of adaptive locali-zation for storm-scale ensemble Kalman filter assimilation is demonstrated. Unlike empirical localization, which relies on prior knowledge of distance between observations and background field, the hierarchical ensemble filter provides con-tinuously updating localization influence weights adaptively. The adaptive scheme improves assimilation quality during rapid storm development and enhances assimilation of reflectivity observations. The characteristics of both the observation type and the storm development stage should be considered when identifying the most appropriate localization method. Ultimately, combining empirical and adaptive methods can optimize assimilation quality.