Mass rig system for shaking table tests of slender columns

A new mass rig system is proposed to minimize the deficiencies in current shaking table testing setups. This is accomplished by placing the inertial mass on a convex path designed to impose P‐Delta demands on slender cantilever columns. The design and performance of the mass rig system, and the principles used in deriving the equations of motion and their analytical validation against results obtained from shaking table tests, are presented. Formulation of the governing equations of motion was based on Lagrangian mechanics and solved using an implicit linear acceleration method with an adaptive time step formulation. Friction developed in the sliding system was also incorporated in the equations of motion. Experimental results validated the accuracy in the derivation and solution of the equations of motion. Validated by analytical and experimental results, P‐Delta effects were found to increase the displacement demands on slender columns in the low‐frequency range of acceleration input, while in the high‐frequency range P‐Delta effects led to no increase and in some cases even a reduction in displacement demands. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同时间尺度、季节的气温数据空间平稳特征及其对插值结果的影响

不同时间尺度、季节的气温数据表现出不同的空间平稳特征。为探讨分析空间平稳性对气温插值的影响规律,采用趋势线法对气温数据进行空间平稳性探索,并对比分析不同空间平稳性条件下,普通线性回归、普通克里格、回归克里格的气温插值精度及插值结果的空间分布特点。结果显示：冬季日均、月均气温与年均气温呈现空间非平稳,插值精度随时间序列的增长而提高,随着气温数据逐渐趋于稳定,精度提高的幅度逐渐下降;夏季日均、月均气温呈现空间平稳,随时间序列的增长,插值精度的提高并不显著;夏季日均气温各插值方法的插值精度普遍高于冬季日均气温。与普通克里格相比,回归克里格能有效提高空间非平稳数据的插值精度。时间序列的增长削弱了不同插值算法之间的插值精度差异和插值结果空间分布差异。     

中国草原区植被变化及其对气候变化的响应

利用1982~2006年GIMMS NDVI和气象数据,探究中国草原区植被变化及对气候的响应。结果表明,近25 a中国草原区植被覆盖总体呈上升趋势,但季节变化空间差异明显。春季温度对温带典型草原、高寒草甸草原和高寒典型草原植被生长有重要影响,而夏季和秋季温度同样对高寒草甸草原影响显著;夏季降水增多能明显促进夏季温带荒漠草原植被生长。除8月份以外,温带草原5~9月NDVI均与前一个月降水显著正相关;在生长季内,高寒草原NDVI与同期温度显著正相关,但8月份除外。此外高寒草原植被在生长最旺盛时期对降水变化存在1~3个月滞后期。     

卫星钟差采样间隔对高频PPP-ZTD精度的影响

高频对流层延迟（ZTD）的提取对于反映水汽含量的高时间分辨率瞬时变化及其在暴雨短临预报中的应用具有重要意义。基于精密单点定位技术（PPP）分析了不同采样间隔的卫星钟差对PPP-ZTD精度的影响。结果表明,卫星钟差的时间间隔小于30 s时,所获得的PPP-ZTD(RMS<4 mm)比5 min间隔的（RMS<6 mm）精度要高;而5 s与30 s采样间隔的卫星钟差所获得的ZTD精度相当。     

降雨对路堤斜坡稳定性影响的时间效应

以某高速公路填筑试验路堤为例,基于非饱和土渗透及强度理论,采用渗流场与应力场、稳定性计算耦合的方法,对两种不同透水特性的路堤在降雨过程中孔隙水压力和稳定性系数随时间变化的特点及规律进行较为深入的探讨。结果表明,（1）透水性能较好的路堤斜坡下部降雨入渗要强于斜坡上部,透水性能较差的路堤斜坡,雨水往往以近似于均匀的形式入渗;（2）透水能力强的路堤斜坡在短暂的超强降雨或者强度较低但持续时间超长的降雨过程中,其最小稳定性系数易于出现滞后现象,一般滞后0.5～3 d,透水能力差的路堤斜坡最小稳定性系数有显著滞后特点,一般滞后7～15 d;（3）总降雨量一定、雨强大于等于50 mm/d条件下透水能力强斜坡能达到的最小稳定性系数随降雨时间增长而降低,而透水能力差的斜坡最小稳定性系数受雨强和降雨时间共同影响。     

GPS授时地震仪走时误差校正

受制造成本和工艺的限制,GPS授时地震仪中的守时晶振不可避免地会有频率误差,继而在数据采集过程中,随着采集时间的增加,各台站之间会出现采集不同步现象。介绍了Akima分段多项式插值重采样方法及其在GPS授时地震仪时间校正中的应用。通过对理论数据与实际数据的Akima插值重采样试验表明,Akima插值重采样方法可应用于GPS授时地震仪走时误差校正,是一种简便、高效、保形性好的插值重采样方法。      

附加电离层延迟约束的实时动态PPP快速重新初始化方法

传统模式下,由于卫星信号中断等原因导致的实时动态PPP重新初始化问题将严重影响PPP的实际应用效果.针对上述问题,本文提出了一种有效的解决思路,首先设计了电离层延迟变化预报模型,并提出预报信息的定权方法,进而将上述预报结果作为虚拟观测值,联合历元间/星间差分观测数据估计得到周跳参数浮点解,并尝试固定,从而实现PPP快速重新初始化.该方法通过实现电离层预报结果权重的自适应确定,改善了参数估计结果的精度,提高了周跳修复成功率及可靠性.利用不同区域和不同时期的大量观测数据分析表明,周跳修复效果与测站位置、太阳活动及中断时长存在密切关系,当中断时间较短（90 s以内）时,均可以获得较高的成功率,平均达到90%以上,由此验证了本方法的有效性;随着中断时长进一步增大,不同地区和太阳活动情形下的修复效果存在显著差异,纬度越低,太阳活动越剧烈,成功率越低.     

地震记录的时间域反褶积、仿真及在地震计方位角相对测量中的应用

介绍了一种用冲击不变法从速度响应平坦地震计二阶传递函数设计得到的递归滤波方法,比用双线性变换得到的递归滤波系数少,因此使用更方便.作者用此方法作了反褶积与仿真的数值实验和实际地震记录的短周期仿真试验,仿真结果与实际仪器记录符合较好;并将此法应用于地震计方位角的相关分析法相对测量,结果与不仿真的相关分析测量相比更接近寻北仪的绝对测量结果.     

Generalized diffraction‐stack migration and filtering of coherent noise

We reformulate the equation of reverse‐time migration so that it can be interpreted as summing data along a series of hyperbola‐like curves, each one representing a different type of event such as a reflection or multiple. This is a generalization of the familiar diffraction‐stack migration algorithm where the migration image at a point is computed by the sum of trace amplitudes along an appropriate hyperbola‐like curve. Instead of summing along the curve associated with the primary reflection, the sum is over all scattering events and so this method is named generalized diffraction‐stack migration. This formulation leads to filters that can be applied to the generalized diffraction‐stack migration operator to mitigate coherent migration artefacts due to, e.g., crosstalk and aliasing. Results with both synthetic and field data show that generalized diffraction‐stack migration images have fewer artefacts than those computed by the standard reverse‐time migration algorithm. The main drawback is that generalized diffraction‐stack migration is much more memory intensive and I/O limited than the standard reverse‐time migration method.     

Real‐time distributed hybrid testing: coupling geographically distributed scientific equipment across the Internet to extend seismic testing capabilities

Large‐scale testing and qualification of structural systems and their components is crucial for the development of earthquake engineering knowledge and practice. However, laboratory capacity is often limited when attempting larger experiments due to the sheer size of the structures involved. To overcome traditional laboratory capacity limitations, we present a new earthquake engineering testing method: real‐time distributed hybrid testing. Extending current approaches, the technique enables geographically distributed scientific equipment including controllers, dynamic actuators and sensors to be coupled across the Internet in real‐time. As a result, hybrid structural emulations consisting of physical and numerical substructures need no longer be limited to a single laboratory. Larger experiments may distribute substructures across laboratories located in different cities whilst maintaining correct dynamic coupling, required to accurately capture physical rate effects. The various aspects of the distributed testing environment have been considered. In particular, to ensure accurate control across an environment not designed for real‐time testing, new higher level control protocols are introduced acting over an optimised communication system. New large time‐step prediction algorithms are used, capable of overcoming both local actuation and distributed system delays. An overview of the architecture and algorithms developed is presented together with results demonstrating a number of current capabilities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.