Petrophysical characterisation of tight sandstone gas reservoirs using nuclear magnetic resonance: a case study of the upper Paleozoic strata in the Kangning area,eastern margin of the Ordos Basin,China

Residual and movable porosity are significant parameters for characterising petrophysical properties, especially in tight reservoirs. Eight tight sandstone samples from the upper Paleozoic gas-bearing strata in the Kangning area, from the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin, were analysed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), petrography, and porosity and permeability tests. The lithology and pore types were identified and classified using petrography and SEM. The residual and movable porosity were obtained with NMR. In addition, NMR was used to visualise pore structure and pore size distribution. The results suggest that the upper Paleozoic sandstones in the study area mainly comprise feldspathic litharenite and litharenite. The sandstone porosity and permeability are low, with means of 5.9% and 0.549 mD, respectively. Four pore types exist in the tight sandstones: residual primary pores, grain dissolution pores, micropores (clay-dominated) and microfractures. The T₂ spectra under water-saturated conditions correlate with pore size and can be used to distinguish small and large pores based on the transverse relaxation time cutoff value of 10 ms, which corresponds to a pore diameter of 0.232 μm. Small pores account for 72% of the pores in the tight sandstones. The continuous bimodal T₂ spectra suggest good connectivity between small and large pores, despite the low porosity and permeability. In this study, the movable porosity of the major tight sandstone gas reservoirs is higher than the residual porosity, which confirms the effective evaluation of movable porosity to tight sandstone reservoirs, based on NMR experiments.     

脱气温度和样品粒径对致密砂岩低温氮气吸附实验结果的影响

基于静态体积法的低温氮气吸附实验已广泛用于分析致密储集层的孔隙结构。本文探索了脱气温度和样品粒径对松辽盆地高台子致密砂岩低温氮气吸附实验结果的影响。结果显示,110℃的脱气条件并不能清除束缚水而使得孔隙体积、比表面积均偏低,300℃的脱气条件容易破坏样品中黏土矿物的结构令孔隙体积、比表面积减小,200℃是比较合适的脱气温度,既能去除束缚水又不破坏黏土矿物结构。样品粒径从5～10目减小至10～30目,氮气探测的孔隙数量增多使比表面积、孔体积增大。从10～30目减小至180～200目,黏土矿物相对含量降低令比表面积、孔体积显著减小;小于200目的样品中减少的黏土矿物主要集中在大于200目的岩样中,因此大于200目岩样的测定结果最高。因此,10～30目是利用低温氮气吸附实验寻求分析致密砂岩储集层特征的最佳粒径范围。     

Critical conditions for natural gas charging and delineation of effective gas source rocks for tight sandstone reservoirs

Although it has been shown that the potential of tight‐sand gas resources is large, the research into the mechanisms of hydrocarbon charging of tight sandstone reservoirs has been relatively sparse. Researchers have found that there is a force balance during hydrocarbon charging, but discriminant models still have not been established. Based on the force balance conditions observed during gas migration from source rocks to tight sandstone reservoirs, a calculation formula was established. A formula for identifying effective source rocks was developed with the gas expulsion intensity as the discrimination parameter. The critical gas expulsion intensity under conditions of various burial depths, temperatures, and pressures can be obtained using the calculation formula. This method was applied in the Jurassic tight sandstone reservoirs of the eastern Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, and it was calculated that the critical expulsion intensity range from 6.05 × 10⁸ m³/km² to 10.07 × 10⁸ m³/km². The critical gas charging force first increases with depth and later decreases with greater depths. The distribution range of effective gas source rocks and total expelled gas volume can be determined based on this threshold. This method provides new insight into and method for predicting favourable tight‐sand gas‐bearing regions and estimating their resource potentials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东濮凹陷砂岩储层成岩作用及其对高压致密气藏的制约

东濮凹陷低渗致密储层的沉积-成岩特征表现为砂层薄、粒度细、沉积非均质性显著;埋藏深度大于3700m,压实作用、晚期自生伊利石-绿泥石和二氧化硅胶结作用强。储层具有小孔极细喉孔隙结构,表面积大,渗透率对围压的敏感性强,地下真实孔隙度和渗透率分别介于10% --3--3μm 2.研究认为,东濮凹陷致密砂岩气藏大多产出于盆地次级深洼陷中,具有高压水溶气的成因机制,这是由储层的低渗性、较高的毛细管准数、高束缚水饱和度和高温-高压以及充足-近源的天然气供给等条件所决定的。     

叠前反演方法在致密砂岩气储层预测中的应用

以鄂尔多斯东缘A区块为例,通过岩石物理正演分析,论证了储层岩石物理参数的敏感性,确定利用纵波阻抗与纵横波速度比参数进行储层的识别。在此基础上进行正演模拟,研究了地震的极限分辨率及不同厚度砂体的地震响应特征,确定了运用叠前地质统计学反演为核心的储层预测技术对该研究区太原组进行储层预测研究,以解决该区储层薄、横向变化快、单一岩石物理参数无法区分岩性等问题。地质统计学反演结果表明,该方法能有效的预测厚度大于3 m的储层。对比研究区内11口测井解释厚度与储层反演厚度表明,储层反演预测厚度平均误差为7.5%,其中5口盲井的平均误差为10.2%,一口新钻井的砂体厚度预测误差为1.73%,为该区的井位部署提供了可靠的资料参考。      

浅水三角洲沉积体系与储层岩石学特征

浅水三角洲已经成为当前沉积学研究和油气勘探的重点领域,浅水三角洲常规和非常规砂岩储层中发现了丰富的油气资源。鄂尔多斯盆地中—古生界发育大型浅水三角洲沉积,结合岩芯、测井、分析化验等资料,对盆地西部地区山1—盒8段浅水三角洲的母岩特征、沉积充填、砂体展布与储层岩石学特征进行研究,为研究区常规砂岩储层和致密砂岩油气勘探提供地质依据。分析表明,研究区南部和北部砂岩重矿物组合相似,以锆石和白钛矿为主。综合La/Yb-REE与Dickinson三角图解、稀土元素配分模式和碎屑锆石定年分析认为,北部物源主要来自盆地西北部阿拉善古陆太古界和元古界花岗岩、片麻岩、石英砂岩,向南影响到陇东地区北部;南部物源主要来自盆地南部北秦岭地区太古界、元古界花岗岩、片麻岩和片岩,向北影响陇东地区中南部。山1段发育曲流河三角洲,盒8段发育辫状河三角洲,孤立型与垂向叠置型水下分支河道砂体是主要的砂体类型。盒8段沉积时期,古湖泊可能萎缩;南北物源形成的三角洲在研究区中部环县东南一带交汇混合。砂岩类型主要为岩屑质石英砂岩、石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩,结构成熟度中等—较差。砂岩成岩改造强烈,水—岩反应复杂,压实作用是储层致密化的主因,多期胶结作用使砂岩的孔喉结构变得十分复杂。孔隙类型以微米—纳米级的岩屑溶蚀孔、剩余粒间孔和高岭石晶间孔为主,整体上属于非常规致密砂岩储层。砂体分布与“甜点”预测是研究区致密油气勘探的关键。     

库车坳陷依奇克里克地区下侏罗统阿合组致密砂岩储层的成岩差异性特征研究

塔里木盆地库车坳陷依奇克里克地区深层致密砂岩储层的非均质性强,成岩成藏过程复杂。根据岩心观察、薄片鉴定、流体包裹体、荧光特征及碳氧同位素等分析,对下侏罗统阿合组致密砂岩的岩石类型、成岩演化及其差异性特征进行了研究。研究表明,阿合组致密砂岩分为强钙质胶结砂岩(C类)、富刚性颗粒岩屑砂岩(A类)、含塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩(D类)、富塑性颗粒岩屑砂岩(B类)4类,经历了两期油气充注,不同类型砂岩的成岩、致密化及成藏过程差异明显。A类砂岩的构造缝及溶蚀孔隙均较发育,渗透率较高、孔隙度分布范围广,代表第二期油气充注的蓝色荧光强。D类砂岩的长石及软岩屑含量稍高,晚期溶蚀作用发育,孔隙度较高、渗透率低,黄色和蓝色荧光共存。A、D两类为有效的致密气藏储层,成岩、成藏过程有差异,D类砂岩早期与晚期油气充注共存,早期油气充注减缓后期压实和碳酸盐胶结作用的发生,有利于晚期酸性溶蚀及油气充注。A类砂岩裂缝发育,对储集性能的影响大,渗透性好,晚期油气充注受早期油气充注的影响小。     

松辽盆地南部深层致密砂岩气储层形成机制及成藏主控因素

为了加快松辽盆地南部(简称松南)深层致密砂岩气勘探开发进程,开展致密砂岩储层形成机制及成藏主控因素研究。通过对松南深层致密砂岩的分析,根据致密砂岩岩性组合特征将已发现的深层致密气类型划分为稳定厚层砂型、砂泥互层型、泥包砂型3种类型,储层物性普遍差,孔隙度多小于6%,渗透率主体<0.10×10^-3μm²,属于特低孔、特低渗储层。通过对松南典型致密储层矿物成分与微观特征的分析发现,致密砂岩有效储层形成主要受3个方面因素控制：一是早成岩期发育绿泥石包壳,有效抑制成岩中后期粒间钙质胶结、硅质胶结的发生,保护原生残余粒间孔隙;二是富火山岩岩屑溶蚀形成次生孔隙;三是生烃增压产生大量微裂缝,改善储层渗流特征。在此基础上总结出松南致密砂岩气成藏控制因素,即充足气源提供物质基础、斜坡古沟谷与断裂控砂、次生溶蚀与微裂缝控储、断裂活动与稳定盖层控富。     

基于恒速压汞技术研究页岩气储层孔隙结构:以湘西北地区五峰组页岩为例

页岩气储层孔隙结构是页岩气富集成藏、储层评价和优选有利区的关键参数,区分孔隙和喉道是表征页岩气储层孔隙结构的关键。本文选择4块具有不同渗透率的湘西北地区奥陶系五峰组页岩为研究对象,基于恒速压汞实验讨论孔隙和喉道的大小、分布特征及其相互关系以及与渗透率的联系。结果表明:具有不同渗透率的页岩样品表现为较为相近的孔径分布特征但差异较大的喉道分布特征。页岩样品渗透率的大小与孔隙半径没有明显相关关系;喉道大小及其分布特征是控制低渗储层孔隙结构的关键要素之一。渗透率较低页岩样品的喉道以喉道半径小且集中分布为特征,而渗透率较大页岩样品的喉道以喉道半径大呈分散分布但主要以大喉道为特征。喉道特征是研究页岩气储层储集空间和吸附能力的重要部分,在以后对页岩气的勘探开发中应特别注意及重视。