The lunar tide in sporadic E

It seems that the wind shear theory is accepted for the explanation of sporadic E at mid and low latitudes. Some examples from Arecibo are displayed to show this. The effect of lunar tides should then modify the wind-shear theory in a manner that yields the observed features of the lunar tide in the critical frequency foEs and the height h′Es of the sporadic E. This is shown to imply that the phase of the lunar tide in h’Es should be the same as the phase of the lunar tide in the eastward wind and that the phase of the lunar tide in foEs is three hours later. Hourly values of foEs, fbEs (the blanketing critical frequency) and h′Es from several observatories are analysed for the lunar semidiurnal tide. It is found that the phase of the tide in foEs is often about 3 hours later than for h′Es in agreement with the theory. Seasonal variations in the tide are also examined with the statistically most significant results (largest amplitudes) usually occurring in summer. After reviewing the many difficulties associated with determining the lunar tide in Es, both experimentally and theoretically, the analysed phase results are compared with what might be expected from Hagan’s global scale wave model. Agreement is only fair (a success rate of 69% among the cases examined) but probably as good as might be expected.     

“9711”号台风高潮位预报及其经验

对在浙江省温岭登陆的“9711”号台风的风暴潮预报过程作了回顾, 总结了预报成功的经验, 探讨了对海门站预报误差较大的原因。预报实践证明, 正确的气象预报是台风暴潮预报的基础,密切关注风暴的增水变化,随时调整预报值是风暴潮预报的关键。与实测资料比较,“9711”号台风高潮位的预报是及时、准确的,它为进一步提高风暴潮的预报精度和时效积累了经验     

赤道西太平洋1°45′S,156°E海区的半日内潮波特性(英文)

通过对TOGA-COARE期间的一组锚系仪器阵列资料的分析得出:在赤道西太平洋1°45′S,156°E。海域存在显著的半日潮频内波,它的水平波数(波长)、垂向波数、水平传播速度和垂向传播速度分别约为:3.3×10-2km-1(210km),-1.6×10-3m-1,2.0m/s,-3.8cm/s。波形向斜下方传播,亦即波能向斜上方传输。它在观测点西南方生成后,向东北方向传播,到达观测海区。流速矢量旋转谱水平随深度的变化呈马鞍形,低谷及深处的峰所在深度分别与南赤道流及赤道潜流的南边界所在深度大体一致。旋转椭圆主轴方位角随深度变化,在浅层(40m处)为北偏东30°,到深处(324m)转为东偏南14°。总体上呈东北方向,表明波来自西南方向。     

COHERENS模式在长江口赤潮源推测中的应用

在COHERENS基础上,建立了一个σ坐标下的三维渤海、黄海和东海海域夏季环流数值模式,较好地模拟了夏季渤海、黄海和东海海域的环流系统(黑潮、台湾暖流、对马暖流和长江冲淡水)。在此斜压流场的基础上,进行了拉格朗日颗粒追踪和欧拉输运数值模拟来推测长江口及其邻近海域赤潮高发区的可能赤潮源。提出台湾海峡、福建浙江近海和台湾东北海底存在赤潮的“种子”,它们很可能就是我国长江口赤潮高发区的赤潮源,这仍需现场的海洋调查去证实。数值模拟推测赤潮源是对流-扩散输运方法在海洋生态学领域中的一个新应用。     

珠江三角洲网河区径流潮流相互作用分析

在大量实测资料基础上采用小波分析方法对珠江三角洲网河区径流与潮汐的相互作用进行分析,得出如下结果:网河区潮差和潮位的周期变化既有典型潮汐的半日周期和全日周期以及半月周期,也有径流量的周期变化如64.8 d的周期变化,即同时具有径潮的周期变化.不同河段潮差及各分潮波振幅与径流量的大小具有明显的反相关关系,径流量越大,潮差越小,三水站潮差随流量以-0.0002的速度减小,网河区下游河段则减小得较慢.上游径流量越大,因克服径流的阻碍作用而消耗的能量越大,潮汐作用强度迅速减弱,各分潮潮波振幅和潮差沿程减小越快.随着径流量的增大,三水站潮簇D₁,D₂和D₄的振幅明显减小,D₂的振幅衰减得最快.     

长江口和杭州湾海域生物生产力锋面及其生态学效应

通过分析海洋生态学资料并结合卫星遥感、渔场及赤潮等资料,发现长江口和杭州湾及其毗邻海域生物生产力的锋面,在离长江口门和杭州湾口约100 km的长江冲淡水中部海域出现蓝细菌丰度、浮游植物现存量和初级生产力以及浮游动物的最大值,该锋面的存在和位置被水色遥感所确认.光和营养盐在此呈现最佳的权衡.在该锋区悬浮体浓度小于5 mg/dm3,盐度为25～30.在该锋面的西侧高的悬浮体浓度造成了浮游植物的光限制,其东侧距长江口和杭州湾口较远,陆源营养盐被稀释,加之浮游植物的消耗,造成了营养盐的限制.夏季水体的层化,增强了水体的垂直稳定,使这种分布格局更加显著.由于细菌多附着在悬浮颗粒物的表面,细菌丰度的最大值出现在近口门区的最大浊度带,在向外海方向随着悬浮体的沉降细菌丰度迅速降低.在生物生产力锋面,浮游植物的旺发导致水体跃层之上高溶解氧浓度和低营养盐浓度,尤其是PO4被耗尽,同时浮游动物饵料的丰富,造成浮游动物旺发;由于蓝细菌的快速增殖,其流式细胞测定的细胞粒径变小.生物生产力锋面的出现产生了显著的生态学效应,一方面造成某些经济鱼类产卵和索饵场的形成,例如鲐鲹鱼、马鲛鱼等;另一方面造成赤潮多发区和底层水缺氧区.     

南海东北部全日非相干内潮的特征及其成因

本文利用南海东北部的潜标资料研究了南海东北部全日非相干内潮的特征。潜标数据的结果表明,在2010年7月下旬和8月上旬,全日非相干内潮的能量显著增强,同时全日内潮的总能量强度达到了预期(相干部分)的两倍;从能量的垂向分布上来看,非相干内潮的能量最大值出现在120 m深度附近。射线追踪模型的结果表明,此次强非相干内潮能量主要来自吕宋海峡的中部,黑潮入侵是导致非相干内潮信号增强的主要原因,全日内潮在吕宋海峡中部生成后向西传播进入南海,而黑潮改变了全日内潮的传播路径,将西向传播的内潮向北折射,导致来自多源地的内潮在潜标处叠加,引起全日非相干内潮能量的增强。本文的结果将有助于加深对非相干内潮的特征的认识和促进对其生成机制的了解。     

国内天文地球动力学中的潮汐研究

简要说明了天文地球动力学范畴内所研究的潮汐现象，包括由日月引潮力引起的固体潮、海洋潮、大气潮和由于地球自转轴的极移引起的极潮，以及这些潮汐对地球自转和地球自转的测量产生的效应。重点阐述中国天文学界在这一领域里的研究成果。这些研究涉及潮汐影响地球自转的机制，也就是各种潮汐效应与极移、自转速率变化和章动的关系，包括构建这类关系的理论模型，分析潮汐对它们的影响，利用中国古代丰富的天象记录计算地球自转的长期减慢，计算弹性或滞弹地球的洛夫数，依据某一地球模型计算潮汐效应或章动序列等等。研究也涉及在测量地球自转参数的不同技术中各种潮汐效应对测量结果产生的影响及其改正，并涉及与潮汐有关的观测方法的优化和数据处理过程的改进。最后介绍了中国学者所发现的脉冲星的周期和周期变率测量中的潮汐效应，尽管它们的量级甚微，但不容忽视。     

Observation of internal tidal currents in the Kaoping Canyon off southwestern Taiwan

Internal tidal currents and associated water-mass displacements were investigated during multiple cruises in the Kaoping Submarine Canyon off southwestern Taiwan. Observations from both moored and shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers and hydrographic casts were conducted along the canyon. The velocity data showed that in the lower layer the major axis of the tidal currents aligned with the orientation of the canyon, and currents moved up-canyon during flood and down-canyon during ebb. The vertical-phase shift and amplitude of the currents indicated that the semidiurnal internal tide dominated with intensity increasing with depth toward the canyon head. Tidal energy was channeled from the shelf landward with a beamlike internal wave, guided by bottom topography. The estimated phase velocity was 1.4–1.7 m s⁻¹, based on normal mode analysis and the phase lag between sampling stations. Empirical orthogonal function analysis of hydrographic profiles confirmed that the first mode (M₂ internal tide) explained 70% of the total variance. The strong convergence of internal tidal currents near the canyon head during flood may play an important role in the daily migration of cherry shrimps, which burrow along the canyon wall.     

Variations of the solid Earth's center of mass due to oceanic tides

Periodic variations in the location of the center of mass of the solid Earth due to ocean tides are derived from the ocean tide model of Seiler (1991). The sum of nine partial tides leads to changes in the coordinates X, Y, Z within a range of 1cm.