西太平洋区域二甲硫酸及其他硫化物的模拟研究

本文利用一维光化学模式，以二甲硫醚（ＤｉｍｅｔｈｙｌＳｕｌｆｉｄｅ，简称ＤＭＳ）为源模拟了西太平洋对流层的硫化物循环。ＤＭＳ海－气通量由“ｓｔａｇｎａｎｔ－ｆｉｌｍ”模式进行计算。尽管海洋大气中ＯＣＳ浓度比ＤＭＳ大一个量级，但它对ＳＯ２的贡献很小，ＤＭＳ仍是海洋大气中ＳＯ２的主要源。在大气垂直湍流输送过程中，ＤＭＳ白天与ＯＨ反应，夜间与ＮＯ３反应被氧化成ＳＯ２，ＳＯ２大部分通过非均相转化形成Ｈ２ＳＯ４。模拟结果与ＰＥＭ－ＷＥＳＴ－Ａ观测资料对比，取得了较好的一致性。     

南海热带气旋数值预报模式与全球谱模式的嵌套试验

分析了各嵌套变量的作用和效果，发现采用部分变量嵌套就能取得一定效果，各变量的作用也不完全相同。这样，可以选取作用大，质量好，易处理的变量进行嵌套。并相应地提出了一个边界嵌套处理方案，应用于南海带热带气旋数值预报有限区模式（ＴＬ１０）与全球谐模式（Ｔ６３）的嵌套过程，通过数值预报试验，表明采用该嵌套处理方案能够取得良好的效果。     

地形对台风“海葵”降水增幅影响的研究

使用NCEP GFS资料和WRF V3.4模式对2012年第11号台风"海葵"(1211)引发的安徽强降水过程进行数值模拟,通过改变模式中安徽省大别山区和皖南山区的地形高度,设计一组敏感性试验,对"海葵"降水的地形增幅效应进行研究。结果表明:(1)WRF模式对台风"海葵"降水过程有较好的模拟能力。(2)大别山区和皖南山区地形对"海葵"移动路径、强度以及降水分布、强度均有不同程度的影响;不同地形高度下模拟的台风路径及降水分布差异较大,且降水中心强度与地形高度相关性较好,地形对暴雨增幅作用明显。(3)山区地形有利于中尺度辐合线和低涡生成、发展,并有强水汽辐合中心与之相对应;有地形时对流层低层上升运动比无地形时明显加强,对安徽中南部强降水增幅作用显著。     

分位数映射法在RegCM4中国气温模拟订正中的应用

将一种分位数映射法RQUANT,应用到一个区域气候模式（RegCM4）所模拟中国气温的误差订正中。从气候平均态、年际变率、极端气候及农业气候等多方面,评估了该方法对日平均气温、日最高气温和日最低气温模拟的订正效果。结果表明,该订正方法对模式模拟的日平均、日最高和最低气温气候平均态的订正效果都非常明显,中国大部分地区的订正结果与观测的偏差在±0.5℃之间。在降低极端气温指数和农业气候相关指数的模拟误差方面也有显著的效果,但对气温年际变率的订正效果有限。结合以往对降水订正的评估分析,该方法对模式模拟结果有较好的订正效果,可以应用于区域气候模式的气候变化模拟预估中,为气候变化及相关影响评估研究提供更适用和可靠的数据。     

Numerical simulation of the impact of vegetation index on the interannual variation of summer precipitation in the Yellow River Basin

Two sets of numerical experiments using the coupled National Center for Environmental Prediction General Circulation Model （NCEP/GCM T42L18） and the Simplified Simple Biosphere land surface scheme （SSiB） were carried out to investigate the climate impacts of fractional vegetation cover （FVC） and leaf area index （LAI） on East Asia summer precipitation, especially in the Yellow River Basin （YRB）. One set employed prescribed FVC and LAI which have no interannual variations based on the climatology of vegetation distribution; the other with FVC and LAI derived from satellite observations of the International Satellite Land Surface Climate Project （ISLSCP） for 1987 and 1988. The simulations of the two experiments were compared to study the influence of FVC, LAI on summer precipitation interannual variation in the YRB. Compared with observations and the NCEP reanalysis data, the experiment that included both the effects of satellite-derived vegetation indexes and sea surface temperature （SST） produced better seasonal and interannual precipitation variations than the experiment with SST but no interannual variations in FVC and LAI, indicating that better representations of the vegetation index and its interannual variation may be important for climate prediction. The difference between 1987 and 1988 indicated that with the increase of FVC and LAI, especially around the YRB, surface albedo decreased, net surface radiation increased, and consequently local evaporation and precipitation intensified. Further more, surface sensible heat flux, surface temperature and its diurnal variation decreased around the YRB in response to more vegetation. The decrease of surface-emitting longwave radiation due to the cooler surface outweighed the decrease of surface solar radiation income with more cloud coverage, thus maintaining the positive anomaly of net surface radiation. Further study indicated that moisture flux variations associated with changes in the general circulation also contributed to the precipitation interannual variation.     

西北区东部一次大暴雨过程的湿位涡诊断与数值模拟

利用绝热、无摩擦大气湿位涡守衡理论和NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料,对我国西北区东部2005年7月1~2日大暴雨过程进行了分析。结果表明:700 hPa上副热带高压西侧强西南气流北上,在西北区东部与东移南压的西北冷空气形成强辐合,是造成西北区东部这次强降水的主要影响系统。在700 hPa等压面上湿位涡与辐合区域相对应的是,在西北区东部存在一个湿位涡正压项MPV1的正值区和湿位涡斜压项MPV2的负值区域,它们准确地指示了辐合区的范围及变化,暴雨出现在辐合区中或MPV1和MPV2的等值线密集区边缘上;对流层高低层正值MPV1可以指示对流稳定的冷空气的变化,而对流稳定度小的暖湿气流表现为小的正值(高层)或负值(低层),等值线密集带指示了降水的后界。用模式输出的高时空分辨率资料诊断暴雨发生期间各个暴雨中心的等熵面结构,表明用湿位涡理论可以很好地解释这次暴雨发生的局地特征。     

辽宁省人工增雨天气概念模型

为了使人工增雨更有针对性,需要在作业方案制定阶段就对未来影响天气系统有一个明确的判断,需要总结出一套适合辽宁省进行人工增雨作业的天气概念模型。为此,普查了1983～1992年欧亚范围高空及地面天气图,筛选出影响辽宁省并产生降水的天气系统,加以分析归纳,建立了4种有利于辽宁省人工增雨作业的天气概念模型,即西风槽型、东北冷涡型、切变线型及副高型,并分别给出了未来12～24h影响辽宁省的警戒区及最佳人工增雨作业区。     

外强迫对热带季节内振荡影响的模拟研究

应用经过修改的NCAR CCM3模式和CAM2模式进行的数值实验结果以及NCEP的GFS模式的输出结果讨论了海温等外强迫作用对热带季节内振荡的影响.结果表明,热带季节内振荡是热带大气固有的内部变率.它是由大气内部过程的相互作用决定的.但外强迫对热带季节内振荡的强度、传播方向等有明显的影响.当外强迫没有变化时,模式可以模拟出与观测近似的低频振荡.当作为外强迫的海温和太阳辐射有年内季节变化时,模式模拟的季节内振荡则明显减弱.当海温与辐射不仅有季节变化而且有年际变化时,模式模拟的季节内振荡会进一步减弱.具有长周期的外强迫还会削弱季节内振荡中东移波动的能量而增加静止波的强度.在与海洋模式耦合的状态下,模式不受来自海洋的外强迫影响,而是与海洋构成一个耦合系统,可以产生最强的季节内振荡.     

Simulation and Projection of Changes in Rainy Season Precipitation over China Using the WRF Model

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used in a regional climate model configuration to simulate past precipitation climate of China during the rainy season (May-September) of 1981-2000, and to investigate potential future (2041-2060 and 2081-2100) changes in precipitation over China relative to the reference period 1981-2000. WRF is run with initial conditions from a coupled general circulation model, i.e., the high-resolution version of MIROC (Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate). WRF reproduces the observed distribution of rainy season precipitation in 1981-2000 and its interannual variations better than MIROC. MIROC projects increases in rainy season precipitation over most parts of China and decreases of more than 25 mm over parts of Taiwan and central Tibet by the mid-21st century. WRF projects decreases in rainfall over southern Tibetan Plateau, Southwest China, and northwestern part of Northeast China, and increases in rainfall by more than 100 mm along the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River during 2041-2060. MIROC projects further increases in rainfall over most of China by the end of the 21st century, although simulated rainfall decreases by more than 25 mm over parts of Taiwan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and central Tibet. WRF projects increased rainfall of more than 100 mm along the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and decreased rainfall over Southwest China, and southern Tibetan Plateau by the end of the 21st century.     

高精度温度采集系统设计

针对高精度温度采集的需求,设计了一个以低功耗单片机MSP430F149作为核心处理器,以PT100铂电阻为传感器的温度采集系统。为了提高系统的复用性,采用精密电阻法,从硬件设计上消除了恒流源电流漂移以及A/D转换电路参考电压精度对温度测量数据的影响。重点描述了系统设计方案,详细说明了恒流源选择的原则、电流偏差的消除以及AD7792转换器的操作步骤。实验结果表明,温度测量精度优于0.1 ℃。对比试验表明,系统稳定性良好,已应用于业务产品中。