岩溶塌陷自然电场及其应用

流经土洞或岩溶塌陷坑中的地下水破坏了土层的固-液界面离子双电层扩散区中正、负电荷的平衡,引起地下介质（土层）自然极化,形成自上而下的自然电场。土洞或岩溶塌陷在平面上产生自然电位似同心圆负心异常、在剖面上引起极小值异常;自然电位梯度在剖面上出现过零点异常,在平面上呈以零值线为对称轴的正负对称的似“蝴蝶状”异常。岩溶区自然电场法干扰因素主要有工业游散电流等人文干扰电磁场、地下金属管道（线） 自然极化电场、上升或下降泉自然电场、山地电场、炭质灰岩自然电场等。针对岩溶区自然电场法干扰因素特点,本文提出采用避让法、排除法、在线监测法进行消除,并将之应用于广西来宾市吉利村岩溶塌陷探测中。结果表明,自然电位剖面曲线在地面沉陷区中心附近出现极小值异常,自然电位梯度剖面曲线也在相同部位显示过零点异常。水文地质监测钻孔在相应的位置上分别揭露了塌陷堆积物、溶洞和断层破碎带,从而验证了上述自然电场法异常的属性。      

小型溶洞对隧道稳定性的影响分析

根据钻探、物探资料,拟建南京地铁3号线滨江路站—五塘村站沿线穿越的灰岩地层中有数量较大的洞径为2～3m的小型溶洞。通过对该地区地质背景的分析发现,岩溶明显受断裂构造控制,溶洞发育规模小但数量多,对开挖后隧道的围岩稳定性有一定的影响。采用数值分析法研究了小型溶洞尺寸、与隧道位置关系等不同因素对隧道围岩稳定性的影响。计算结果表明,当溶洞尺寸和位置变化时,围岩塑性区也发生变化,塑性区面积随着溶洞尺寸的增大而增大。溶洞位于拱肩时塑性区面积最大,对围岩的稳定性影响大,位于拱腰时最小。隧道开挖后拱顶和拱底处最易破坏,相近条件下串珠状溶洞比单个溶洞的危害性要大。     

The Analysis of CO_2 Influence Factors in Tianquan Cave of Xingwen World Geopark

A Vaisala CARBOCAP Hand-Held Carbon Dioxide Meter GM70 was used to measure CO 2 concentration in Tianquan cave of Xingwen world Geopark.The study was done in Tianquan cave during July and August,2008.Data sources include the influence factors of distribution of CO 2:elevation,tourists,cross section and depth of the cave.Results indicated tourists have strong impacts on the CO 2 concentration,while no significant differences could be found among different elevation.Furthermore,significant correlation could be found among the depth of cave,the small cross section,the tourist’s construction and the CO 2 concentration.Those results indicate that the CO 2 concentration in Tianquan cave has no threat to the health of tourists.The results and the data provide a scientific basis for the protection of people’s health and the exploitation of cave tourism.     

芙蓉洞洞穴演化形成所需历史时间估算方法及其地质意义

对芙蓉洞与芙蓉江古水面高程差进行了测量,引用洞穴古老次生化学沉积物同位素地质年代资料,通过和邻区地壳相对抬升速率对比,估算出芙蓉洞洞穴演化形成所需的历史时间约为12～18万a.相对于芙蓉洞古老次生化学沉积物同位素地质年龄(16万a)来说,洞穴演化形成是一个不可忽视的过程,进一步证明了两个清晰的洞穴发育阶段的存在.对于用洞穴古老次生化学沉积物同位素地质年龄代替洞穴发育整个历史过程是需要谨慎的.通过估算方法反演所揭示的该区地壳相对抬升速率与青藏高原相对抬升速率相比,进一步证实了扬子地台和青藏高原虽然具有相同的驱动机制,但扬子地台近代隆升速率远远低于青藏高原的隆升速度.同时,笔者还对扬子地台的隆升趋势作了一定的分析,认为近代扬子地台边缘隆升速度小,中间隆升速度稍大.     

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连通域标识法在FMI图像溶洞信息定量拾取中的应用

溶蚀孔洞在碳酸盐岩储层中是重要的流体储集空间,研究成像测井（FMI）图像孔洞连通域标记及信息定量拾取很有意义.全井眼微电阻率成像测井（FMI）经数据处理后可得到全井壁高分辨率的彩色图像,经图像灰度化、中值滤波处理后,通过阈值分割得到能够反映井壁溶蚀孔洞特征的二值图像,孔洞表现为黑色暗斑.基于等价对处理的图像连通域标记算法具有快速、不重复标记的优点,利用该算法,可准确地从二值图像中标记溶蚀孔洞连通域,进而可对每个连通域进行目标信息拾取,包括孔洞尺寸、连通域面积、圆度等.利用反映溶蚀孔洞发育程度的面孔率曲线对图像进行分层,在此基础上可拾取每一层段溶蚀孔洞面孔率、分选系数及溶洞密度值的分布等非均质信息,能够定量地评价溶蚀孔洞发育、非均质性强的碳酸盐岩储层,也是FMI图像应用于岩石孔洞结构信息定量表征新的尝试.     

煤层气洞穴完井技术

煤层气洞穴完井技术既是一种裸眼完井技术,又是一种增产技术,在适宜的地层该技术能够大大提高近井地带的渗透率,从而提高煤层气的采收率。该技术在美国圣胡安盆地的高渗煤层取得了巨大的成功,但是在其它区域并没有像圣胡安盆地那样效果明显,究其原因对该技术的增产机理及煤层适应性的认识还有一定的差距。分析了洞穴完井技术的增产机理及洞穴完井的煤层适用条件,对洞穴完井技术的储层选择、井身结构、工艺流程及设备配套进行了详细论述,并介绍了国内的现场试验情况及取得的一些有益经验,为该技术以后的推广应用奠定基础。     

The Sponge Community of a Semi-Submerged Mediterranean Cave

Abstract. The sponge fauna of a semi-submerged cave from the Tremiti Archipelago (Adriatic Sea) was studied, and its distribution was analyzed in relation to abiotic (water-movement and light gradients) and biotic (algae and anthozoan substrate cover) ecological factors. Fifty-five species of sponges were recorded. The number of species and the abundance values of sponges increase in the first part of the cave, then progressively decrease, with a sharp fall at the end of the cave. The quick disappearance of algae along the light gradient allows sponges to thrive in the first portion of the cave. The subsequent, progressive decrement of sponges could be the result of food depletion phenomena due to a long persistence of the water body in this long cavity. A high water-turbulence, due to the peculiar morphology of the cave and indicated by the recorded values of water-movement, occurs at the end of the cavity and probably determines the sharp decrement of sponges in the inner portion of the cave. This turbulence may also explain the absence of typical still-water cave species and probably affects the type of development (shape, overgrowth) of the sponges in the community.     

Water isotopic variability in Mallorca: a path to understanding past changes in hydroclimate

This paper reports the first results on δ¹⁸O and δ²H analysis of precipitations, cave drip waters, and groundwaters from sites in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean), a key region for paleoclimate studies. Understanding the isotopic variability and the sources of moisture in modern climate systems is required to develop speleothem isotope‐based climate reconstructions. The stable isotopic composition of precipitation was analysed in samples collected between March 2012 and March 2013. The values are in the range reported by GNIP Palma station. Based on these results, the local meteoric water line (LMWL) δ²H = 7.9 (±0.3) δ¹⁸O + 10.8 (±2.5) was derived, with slightly lower slope than Global Meteoric Water Line. The results help tracking two main sources of air masses affecting the study sites: rain events with the highest δ¹⁸O values (> ?5‰) originate over the Mediterranean Sea, whereas the more depleted samples (< ?8‰) are sourced in the North Atlantic region. The back trajectory analysis and deuterium excess values, ranging from 0.4 to 18.4‰, further support our findings. To assess the isotopic variation across the island, water samples from eight caves were collected. The δ¹⁸O values range between ?6.9 and ?1.6‰. With one exception (Artà), the isotopic composition of waters in caves located along the coast (Drac, Vallgornera, Cala Varques, Tancada, and Son Sant Martí) indicates Mediterranean‐sourced moisture masses. By contrast, the drip water δ¹⁸O values for inland caves (Campanet, ses Rates Pinyades) or developed under a thick (>50 m) limestone cap (Artà) exhibit more negative values. A well‐homogenized aquifer supplied by rainwaters of both origins is clearly indicated by groundwater δ¹⁸O values, which show to be within 2.4‰ of the unweighted arithmetic mean of ?7.4‰. Although limited, the isotopic data presented here constitute the baseline for future studies using speleothem δ¹⁸O records for western Mediterranean paleoclimate reconstructions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海潮对厦门台洞体应变观测的干扰特征

通过对比厦门台与内陆台站的地形变资料,并排除多种对厦门台洞体应变资料可能的干扰因素后发现,叠加在该测项固体潮观测记录曲线上的许多毛刺等高频现象是由海潮浪涌运动引起的。和地倾斜仪器受海潮干扰的类型不同,厦门台洞体应变观测受到的海潮干扰属振动型。