On salinity regimes and the vertical structure of residual flows in narrow tidal estuaries

An examination is made of the circulation in narrow estuaries subject to a predominant tidal forcing. Velocity structures are derived separately for residual flow components associated with (a) river flow, (b) wind stress, (c) a well-mixed longitudinal density gradient and (d) a fully stratified saline wedge. Dimensionless parameters are introduced to indicate the magnitude of each component and these parameters are evaluated for 9 major estuaries, thereby revealing their sensitivity to each component.For a channel of constant breadth and depth, formulae are deduced for the length of saline intrusion, L. Comparisons with observed data show that such formulae may be used with confidence to predict changes in L arising from variations in river flow, tidal range or channel depths.The level of stratification is shown to be related to a product of two parameters, one associated with velocity structure and a second involving the square of the ‘flow ratio’ $\text{u}\text{u}\text{?}$ (i.e. residual velocity/amplitude of the tidal velocity). This relationship provides a simple classification system for estuarine stratification which can be used to indicate the sensitivity of any particular estuary to changing conditions.     

Experimental research on reservoir sensitivity to stress and impacts on productivity in Kela 2 Gas Field

Kela 2 Gas Field, with high formation pressure (74.35MPa), high pressure coefficient (2.022) and difficulty of potential test and evaluation, is the largest integrated proved dry gas reservoir in China so far and the principal source for West-East Gas Development Project. In order to correctly evaluate the elastic-plastic deformation of rocks caused by the pressure decline during production, some researches, as the experiment on reservoir sensitivity to stress of gas filed with abnormal high pressure, are made. By testing the rock mechanic properties, porosities and permeabilities at different temperature and pressure of 342 core samples from 5 wells in this area, the variations of petro-physical properties at changing pressure are analyzed, and the applicable inspection relationship is concluded. The average productivity curve with the reservoir sensitivity to stress is plotted on the basis of the research, integrated with the field-wide productivity equation. The knowledge lays a foundation for the gas well productivity evaluation in the field and the gas field development plan, and provides effective techniques and measures for basic research on the development of similar gas fields.     

深层碳酸盐储层再平衡流体包裹体特征及其原始捕获条件确定

深层碳酸盐储层中流体包裹体往往因经历复杂地质演化而发生再平衡,正确判识流体包裹体再平衡对于准确解释古流体演化具有重要意义. 以四川盆地安岳气田震旦系灯影组白云岩储层为例,通过岩相学、拉曼光谱测试及显微测温方法结合构造演化史判别了再平衡流体包裹体及其类型,并利用再平衡流体包裹体极值均一温度等数据进行PVT模拟确定了各期包裹体的原始捕获条件. 结果表明安岳气田震旦系灯影组储层中第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期白云石中流体包裹体发生了爆裂变形,第Ⅴ期方解石中流体包裹体发生了拉伸变形,而第Ⅳ期石英中包裹体再平衡特征不显著,其中第Ⅱ、Ⅲ期白云石中流体包裹体在埋藏升温过程中再平衡,而第Ⅳ期白云石和第Ⅴ期方解石中流体包裹体在抬升降温过程中再平衡. 第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期成岩矿物中流体包裹体的捕获压力和捕获温度依次递增,至第Ⅳ期矿物形成时达到峰值,而后第Ⅴ期方解石中流体包裹体的捕获压力和捕获温度较第Ⅳ期则出现降低. 结合流体包裹体捕获温压条件和埋藏史准确限定了各成岩期矿物的形成期次和时间,其结果可与同位素定年对比.     

塔里木盆地库车油气系统中、新生界的流体压力结构和油气成藏机制

库车油气系统中、新生界流体压力纵向结构可分为台阶式、中凸式、均斜式 3种类型。平面分布可分两个带 3个区 :北带主要是台阶式压力结构分布区 ,南带的大部分是中凸式压力结构分布区 ,南带的南缘为均斜式压力结构分布区 ,构成不同类型的封存箱。这种压力结构分异主要是喜玛拉雅晚期 ( 5Ma)天山向南强烈推挤造成的 ;喜玛拉雅早期 ,整个油气系统压力结构大体是一致的 ,深浅层基本为正常压力 ,也即均为均斜式压力结构分布区。喜玛拉雅早、晚期的流体压力封存箱规模不等 ,油气运聚的环境不同 ,因而不同时期、不同地带具有各不相同的油气成藏机制。初步可概括为 3种机制和 3种成藏模式 :早期封存箱内成藏机制———牙哈模式 ;晚期封存箱内成藏机制———克拉苏模式 ;封存箱外成藏机制———大宛齐模式     

3DCM的几何与纹理数据一体化管理方法研究

建设三维城市模型(3DCM)首先需要建立场景所需的海量地形地物空间数据库,从而有效组织三维实体数据来满足大范围高精度场景实时绘制的要求.该文提出一种以三维空间实体为单位的基于关系数据库(RDBMS)的3DCM的几何与纹理数据一体化管理方法.采用Direct3D 9.O三维开发平台、C#编程语言实现了3DCM空间数据库模型管理系统.实验证明:该系统在效率、安全、网络多用户访问方面都优于传统基于文件的管理模式,满足了大范围3DCM海量模型数据管理与应用需求.