水文模型参数区域化研究进展

参数区域化方法是解决资料缺乏地区水文模拟和预报的有效手段,主要包括回归法、空间邻近法和属性相似法三类方法,可将有资料流域的水文模型参数移用到资料缺乏流域。首先回顾了区域化方法的基本原理和应用方法,并分析了三类主要区域化方法的适用性。从流域特征因子、水文模型及参数、不确定性探讨三个方面综述了区域化方法的研究进展。分析发现,当前区域化方法缺乏完善的理论基础,流域特征因子选择存在主观性,水文模型及参数的适用性方面研究不足。最后展望了未来的研究重点：（1）多维度适用性比较;（2）水文过程和参数的空间分布规律;（3）参数的尺度问题;（4）参数区域化的不确定性问题。     

Interplay between an axial channel belt,slope gullies and overbank deposition in the Puchkirchen Formation in the Molasse Basin,Austria

Deep‐water sediments in the Molasse Basin, Austria, were deposited in a narrow foreland basin dominated by a large channel belt located between the steep Alpine fold and thrust belt to the south and the gentler northern slope off the Bohemian Massif. Several gas fields occur outside the channel belt, along the outer bend of a large meander. Accumulation of these overbank sediments reflects a complicated interplay between slope accommodation and debris‐flow and turbidity‐flow interaction within the channel. The tectonically oversteepened northern slope of the basin (ca 2 to 3°) developed a regionally important erosional surface, the Northern Slope Unconformity, which can be traced seismically for >100 km in an east–west direction and >20 km from the channel to the north. The slope preserves numerous gullies sourced from the north that eroded into the channel belt. These gullies were ca 20 km long, <1 km wide and ca 200 m deep. As the channel aggraded, largely inactive and empty gullies served as entry points into the overbank area for turbidity currents within the axial channel. Subsequently, debris‐flow mounds, 7 km wide and >15 km long, plugged and forced the main channel to step abruptly ca 7 km to the south. This resulted in development of an abrupt turn in the channel pathway that propagated to the east and probably played a role in forming a sinuous channel later. As debris‐flow topography was healed, flows spread out onto narrow area between the main channel and northern slope forming a broad fine‐grained apron that serves as the main gas reservoir in this area. This model of the overbank splay formation and the resulting stratigraphic architecture within the confined basin could be applied in modern and ancient systems or for subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs where three‐dimensional seismic‐reflection data is limited. This study elucidates the geomorphology of the oversteepened slope of the under‐riding plate and its effects on the sedimentation.     

Evaluating along‐strike variation using thin‐bedded facies analysis,Upper Cretaceous Ferron Notom Delta,Utah

Thin‐bedded delta‐front and prodelta facies of the Upper Cretaceous Ferron Notom Delta Complex near Hanksville in southern Utah, USA, show significant along‐strike facies variability. Primary initiation processes that form these thin beds include surge‐type turbidity currents, hyperpycnal flows and storm surges. The relative proportion of sedimentary structures generated by each of these depositional processes/events has been calculated from a series of measured sedimentological sections within a single parasequence (PS6–1) which is exposed continuously along depositional strike. For each measured section, sedimentological data including grain size, lithology, bedding thickness, sedimentary structures and ichnological suites have been documented. Parasequence 6–1 shows a strong along‐strike variation with a wave‐dominated environment in the north, passing abruptly into a fluvial‐dominated area, then to an environment with varying degrees of fluvial and wave influence southward, and back to a wave‐dominated environment further to the south‐east. The lateral facies variations integrated with palaeocurrent data indicate that parasequence 6–1 is deposited as a storm‐dominated symmetrical delta with a large river‐dominated bayhead system linked to an updip fluvial feeder valley. This article indicates that it is practical to quantify the relative importance of depositional processes and determine the along‐strike variation within an ancient delta system using thin‐bedded facies analysis. The wide range of vertical stratification and grading sequences present in these event beds also allows construction of conceptual models of deposition from turbidity currents (i.e. surge‐type turbidity currents and hyperpycnal flows) and storm surges, and shows that there are significant interactions and linkages of these often paired processes.     

协调决策表的规则提取

对数据的性质、数据之间的关系进行了讨论，并由此对决策表进行了分类。研究了协调决策表所需要的必要的数据个数，这对数据采集有着实际的指导意义和经济意义。讨论了协调决策表的数据约简，并证明其不影响进一步的属性约简和规则提取。基于数据的协调性，对协调决策表的属性约简进行了研究，并提出了一种规则提取方法。最后，用实例验证了该方法的有效性。     

Pixel‐scale evaluation of SSM/I sea‐ice algorithms in the marginal ice zone during early fall freeze‐up

Observed reduction in recent sea ice areal extent and thickness has focused attention on the fact that the Arctic marine system appears to be responding to global‐scale climate variability and change. Passive microwave remote‐sensing data are the primary source underpinning these reports, yet problems remain in geophysical inversion of information on ice type and concentration. Uncertainty in sea‐ice concentration (SIC) retrievals is highest in the summer and fall, when water occurs in liquid phase within the snow–sea‐ice system. Of particular scientific interest is the timing and rate of new ice formation due to the control that this form of sea ice has on mass, energy and gas fluxes across the ocean–sea‐ice–atmosphere interface. In this paper we examine the critical fall freeze‐up period using in situ data from a ship‐based and aerial survey programme known as the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange study combined with microwave and optical Earth observations data. Results show that: (1) the overall physical conditions observed from aerial survey photography were well matched with coincident moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer data and Radarsat ScanSAR imagery; (2) the shortwave albedo was linearly related to old ice concentration derived from survey photography; (3) the three SSM/I SIC algorithms (NASA Team (NT), NASA Team 2 (NT2), and Bootstrap (BT)) showed considerable discrepancies in pixel‐scale comparison with the Radarsat ScanSAR SICs well calibrated by the aerial survey data. The major causes of the discrepancies are attributed to (1) the inherent inability to detect the new thin ice in the NT and BT algorithms, (2) mismatches of the thin‐ice tie point of the NT2 algorithm, and (3) sub‐pixel ambiguity between the thin ice and the mixture of open water and sea ice. These results suggest the need for finer resolution of passive microwave sensors, such as AMSR‐E, to improve the precision of the SSM/I SIC algorithms in the marginal ice zone during early fall freeze‐up. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

月球资源探测信息的管理与可视化探讨

在中国未来的月球探测计划中,可能获取的月球表层数据包括地形、地貌、岩层、土壤、资源、环境以及各种相关的结构、物质成分数据。这些数据既有空间数据,也有属性数据。为了实现月球资源探测工作信息化,可以借鉴“数字地球”的理念并采用“多S”结合与集成化技术,对所获取的海量月球表层数据进行一体化存贮管理,构建一个“数字月球”并实现其空间数据和属性数据之间的双向查询检索,以及对表层复杂结构信息分析的可视化。     

基于探地雷达属性分析的典型岩溶不良地质识别方法

采用探地雷达进行岩溶隧道超前地质预报时,受现场探测环境、岩溶地质的复杂性以及解译技术制约,多解性问题一直未能得到很好解决。从依托工程中选取代表性的案例,分析总结隧道建设中常见的几种典型岩溶不良地质的属性特征,结果表明岩溶不良地质类型与探地雷达属性参数有很好相关性,其中:空腔型溶洞、干燥松散黏土夹碎石充填型溶洞和无水破碎带雷达反射波中心频率随时间衰减较慢,分布范围分别为90~105、85~100、70~110MHz;软塑状黏土充填型溶洞和富水破碎带雷达反射波中心频率随时间衰减较快,分布范围分别为60~80MHz和40~70MHz。研究属性特征定量表示方法,提出基于广义S变换及子波谱模拟的雷达波吸收衰减参数计算方法。实际数据分析结果表明:每种属性都能从某些角度反映岩溶不良地质体雷达反射波的特征,在综合多个特征参数后,可以较好地区分不同的岩溶不良地质类型,从而提高探地雷达目标识别精度。     

基于叠前深度偏移的AVO反演在神狐海域试采区的应用

为了更好地研究神狐海域试采区天然气水合物的展布形态和赋存状况,基于高精度层析速度反演后的叠前深度偏移地震资料进行AVO反演技术研究。为在天然气水合物富集区有效地进行AVO研究,AVO处理前运用叠前深度偏移技术,通过高精度层析反演不断迭代速度模型;然后通过偏移来改善资料的质量,结合实测钻井资料进行AVO正演分析、反演可行性分析、属性交会分析;最后将具有高横向分辨能力的地震资料和高垂向分辨能力的测井资料与地质相结合进行叠前同时反演。该方法可反演出纵、横波阻抗等属性,直接进行岩性和流体识别,结果表明,在AVO反演中引入叠前深度偏移技术,为反演提供了较高质量的叠前共反射点道集和精细的层速度模型,改善了AVO技术在试采区的应用效果,提高了反演的可靠性。反演出的各种属性为AVO分析提供了丰富的信息,能够比较准确地反映地下水合物矿体的展布情况,可用于后续水合物储层的分析及综合研究,对未来的水合物勘探开采具有重要的现实意义。     

基于地震波速度预测岩体物性参数模型与应用

以地震属性和钻孔测井参数为基础,依据试验数据构建数学模型,实现对煤层顶底板岩石物性参数的定量预测。通过试验拟合出纵横波波速之间关系、波速与密度的关系、动静杨氏模量、动静泊松比之间的关系,且相关程度较高。依据试验模拟结果对淮南刘庄区煤层顶底板岩石物性参数及孔隙度进行了预测。结果表明该地区的物性参数分布规律明显,且与实测结果吻合较好。模型计算与实例应用证实地震信息用于预测岩石力学参数具有可行性。     

薄壁结构砼的裂缝与处理

分析了万年闸船闸砼工程结束后薄壁砼结构墙体出现大面积贯通性裂缝的发生原因,提出了修复裂缝的工艺方案,总结了预防此类裂缝发生的有效措施。