The preservation potential of ash layers in the deep‐sea: the example of the 1991‐Pinatubo ash in the South China Sea

Following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo on 15 June 1991, volcanic ash was transported westward to the South China Sea in an atmospheric plume, falling out and settling to the sea floor within days and forming an up to 10 cm thick layer on an area >400 000 km². Immediately after deposition, surviving deep‐burrowing animals re‐opened their connection to the sea floor to obtain water for respiration and/or food take‐up. Later, small‐sized meiofauna and then macrofauna re‐colonized the sea floor, mixing newly deposited organic fluff with the underlying ash. Consequently, ash deposits thinner than 1 mm have not often been observed as a continuous layer when cored six years after the eruption, while ash about 2 mm thick is now patchily bioturbated. In areas covered by ash thicker than 5 mm, mixing by benthic animals is controlled mainly by the adaptation of the burrowing fauna to variations in grain‐size, the rate of background sedimentation, the availability of benthic food on and within the sediment and pore water oxygen levels. With respect to these factors, four provinces can be distinguished: (i) Along the Philippines margin run‐off from land fuels primary production that, in turn, leads to a high benthic food content. The benthic fauna is adapted to a variable grain‐size and rapid sedimentation. Therefore, mixing is intense and the preservation potential of the ash layer is low. (ii) In areas affected by deposition of hyperpycnites and turbidites, i.e. in canyons in front of river mouths and in the Manila Trench, the ash layer is preserved due to rapid burial. (iii) The area to the west to about 116° E receives low amounts of benthic food, benthic mixing is less intense and the preservation potential of the ash is high. (iv) The central South China Sea, where the ash is thinner than 3 cm, is affected by intense wind mixing and upwelling and the benthic food content is high; thus, the chance that the ash will be preserved as a sharp‐based layer is low. Consequently, the style of ash preservation has palaeo‐environmental significance. Older buried and burrowed event layers provide further information to elucidate the fate of the 1991 Pinatubo ash layer; in general their appearance fits with observations in the Recent.     

银河系厚盘恒星元素丰度研究

自20世纪80年代开始的观测表明,银河系存在厚盘结构,但其形成机制至今还是一个没有解决的问题。近年来很多工作发现,厚盘恒星的α元素丰度随金属丰度的变化趋势与薄盘不同, 这种不同还表现在Al、Mn、Zn、中子俘获元素等其他元素上。结合年龄、运动学参数研究, 恒星元素丰度可以对银河系厚盘形成机制提供观测依据。     

Simulation of the ocean surface mixed layer under the wave breaking

A one-dimensional mixed-layer model, including a Mellor-Yamada level 2.5 turbulence closure scheme, was implemented to investigate the dynamical and thermal structures of the ocean surface mixed layer in the northern South China Sea. The turbulent kinetic energy released through wave breaking was incorporated into the model as a source of energy at the ocean surface, and the influence of the breaking waves on the mixed layer was studied. The numerical simulations show that the simulated SST is overestimated in summer without the breaking waves. However, the cooler SST is simulated when the effect of the breaking waves is considered, the corresponding discrepancy with the observed data decreases up to 20% and the MLD calculated averagely deepens 3.8 m. Owing to the wave-enhanced turbulence mixing in the summertime, the stratification at the bottom of the mixed layer was modified and the temperature gradient spread throughout the whole thermocline compared with the concentrated distribution without wave breaking.     

黄海夏季典型站位的底边界层动物

2002年8月25~26日,在黄海夏季冷水团区域内的抛锚站位(35°22′N,121°59′E),使用柱状界面采样器进行了昼夜连续取样,对底边界层动物的种类组成与昼夜丰度变化进行了研究,以获得对黄海底边界层动物的初步认识。共记录底边界层动物21种,隶属18科、19属。超底栖动物和中型浮游动物是黄海夏季底边界层动物的2个重要类群,主要种类有尖额真猛水蚤(Euterpina acutifrons)、挪威小毛猛水蚤(Microsetella norvegica)、异厚盖钩虾(Synchelidium miraculum)、双刺纺缍水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus),其丰度皆有明显的昼夜波动现象。以桡足类无节幼体为代表的小型浮游动物也是底边界层动物中不容忽视的类群之一。采集到5个黄海区的新记录物种:美丽猛水蚤(Nitocrasp.)、跛足猛水蚤(Mesochrasp.)、咸水剑水蚤(Halicyclopssp.)、掌刺梭剑水蚤(Lubbockia squillimana)和异厚盖钩虾(Synchelidi-um miraculum),显示出底边界层动物种类组成的特殊性。     

2004年9月南海北部移动船载温盐剖面仪观测结果初步分析

在2004年9月南海北部开放航次中,中国科学院南海海洋研究所首次引进使用了民用移动船载温盐剖面仪（Moving Vessel Profiler,MVP）,并在珠江口外海和越南东岸外海2个断面进行了拖曳测量。通过对MVP和定点温盐深仪所测数据的比较分析,发现MVP下降阶段数据较为可信。对所获温、盐、深数据进行处理分析,发现2个断面的水团性质存在明显差异。越南东岸外海断面的混合层平均深度（27m左右）深于珠江口外海断面（17．5m左右）;在表层和近40m深度处,珠江口外海的盐度值都高于越南东岸外海,呈现高盐的特性。     

1998年季风爆发期南海大气边界层的日变化

在南海尚未有关于海洋大气边界层结构日变化方面的研究.研究海洋大气边界层,有利于我们更好地研究海洋表层结构变化影响机制,对发生在海洋大气边界层上的过程进行预测预报.因此了解南海海洋大气边界层的结构特征,对于我们进一步了解南海天气尺度海气相互作用有非常重要的意义.通过对1998年在南海南部(6°15′N,110°E)和南海北部(20°29′39″N,116°57′48″E)的南海季风试验中定点科考船释放一天四次的探空观测资料分析得出,季风爆发前海洋大气边界层存在规则的日变化,在中午达到深厚.季风爆发后南海北部大气边界层日变化消失,南海南部依然明显.分析表明对其日变化起重要影响的是短波辐射;潜热输送对大气边界层高度日变化影响不大.与大气边界层厚度日变化相对应,南海南部边界层内水汽日变化明显,而南海北部较不明显.     

Coupling winds to ocean surface currents over the global ocean

A Wind stress–Current Coupled System (WCCS) consisting of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and an improved wind stress algorithm based on Donelan et al. [Donelan, W.M., Drennan, Katsaros, K.B., 1997. The air–sea momentum flux in mixed wind sea and swell conditions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 2087–2099] is developed by using the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). The WCCS is applied to the global ocean to study the interactions between the wind stress and the ocean surface currents. In this study, the ocean surface current velocity is taken into consideration in the wind stress calculation and air–sea heat flux calculation. The wind stress that contains the effect of ocean surface current velocity will be used to force the HYCOM. The results indicate that the ocean surface velocity exerts an important influence on the wind stress, which, in turn, significantly affects the global ocean surface currents, air–sea heat fluxes, and the thickness of ocean surface boundary layer. Comparison with the TOGA TAO buoy data, the sea surface temperature from the wind–current coupled simulation showed noticeable improvement over the stand-alone HYCOM simulation.     

高压气藏不动管柱分层压裂工艺研究与应用

川西低渗高压气藏具有多层系的特点,层间距离一般在十至百米左右。为了提高气井产量与开采经济效益,鉴于气井加砂压裂后压井会严重伤害储层,影响压裂效果,采用压裂管柱直接作为生产管柱,研究形成了以FCY211及Y241封隔器不同组合的两层不动管柱分层压裂工艺。同时,在成熟的两层分压工艺基础上,结合投球选压工艺,研究形成了以“工具分层＋投球选压”不动管柱三层分层的压裂工艺。现场应用实践表明,分层压裂极大地增加了单井的产能,取得了明显经济效益,对类似气藏的多层压裂与开采提供了有益参考。     

Biodegradation Studies on Acid Violet 19, a Triphenylmethane Dye,by Pseudomonas aeruginosa BCH

Acid violet 19 (AV) belongs to the triphenylmethane (TPM) class of dyes which are potentially mutagenic or carcinogenic. However, very little studies on biodegradation of AV were reported as compared to other TPM dyes such as malachite green and crystal violet. In this study, AV was decolorized up to 98% within 30 min by Pseudomonas aeruginosa BCH. The decolorization depends on the initial dye concentration, pH, and temperature. However, the dye was decolorized under wide pH and temperature ranges with an optimum of pH 7 and 30°C. Up to 250 mg L^?1 of dye was found to be tolerated and decolorized by this strain. It showed decolorization ability for seven repeated dye addition cycles. The effect of additional carbon sources on dye decolorization was studied in which mannitol containing medium showed decolorization in 15 min. Induction in the enzyme activities of laccase, NADH‐DCIP reductase, and veratryl alcohol oxidase (VAO) indicates their involvement in AV degradation. Various analytical studies viz. UV–VIS, HPTLC, HPLC, and FTIR confirmed the biodegradation of AV by the bacterium. Based on GC‐MS analysis, a possible degradation pathway for AV was proposed. The phytotoxicity studies using Phaseolus mungo and Sorghum vulgare revealed the less toxic nature of metabolites formed after AV degradation.     

Condensed hyperelements method of non-vertical consistent boundaries for wave propagation analysis in irregular media

The study of wave propagation in finite/infinite media has many applications in geotechnical and structural earthquake engineering and has been a focus of research for the past few decades. This paper presents an analysis of 2D anti- plane problems （Love waves） and 2D in-plane problems （Rayleigh waves） in the frequency domain in media consisting of a near-field irregular and a far-field regular part. The near field part may contain structures and its boundaries with the far-field can be of any shape. In this study, the irregular boundaries of the near-field are treated as consistent boundaries, extending the concept of Lysmer＇s vertical consistent boundaries. The presented technique is called the Condensed Hyperelements Method （CHM）. In this method, the irregular boundary is limited to a vertical boundary at each end that is a consistent boundary at the far-field side. Between the two ends, the medium is discretized with hyperelements. Using static condensation, the stiffness matrix of the far-field is derived for the nodes on the irregular boundary. Examples of the application of the CHM illustrate its excellent accuracy and efficiency.