混凝土动力本构模型的基础理论与建模应用综述

混凝土结构分析问题中动力荷载下混凝土的动力本构模型研究日益重要。为对建立混凝土动力本构关系的基础理论有系统的认知和了解其应用,对其进行了总结,简述了在建立混凝土动本构方面的应用,对混凝土动力本构模型的理论发展趋势作了展望。并对当前混凝土动力本构模型的应用做了概括评述,并指出了混凝土动力本构的可行研究方向,为建立混凝土动力本构模型提供指导。     

Correction of the Buckingham–Darcy Law for flow of high strength salts in variably saturated porous media

The Buckingham–Darcy Law is used to describe fluid flow in unsaturated porous media at low Reynolds number. In order to provide a priori corrections to this law, a process thermodynamic approach is utilized to ascertain the functional dependence. Using this knowledge, corrections to the hydraulic conductivity coefficient are proposed and compared with available data. The proposed corrections substantially predict the observed behavior of flow of high concentration (saturated) sodium chloride solutions in porous media. During the derivation, physical principles consistent with the thermodynamics of the system were utilized. A review of these principles and their results provides an alternative form of the generalized Gibbs–Duhem Relation for continuous processes, indicating that the identical equivalence to zero is unlikely to occur for dissipative processes. Further, the postulated Gibbs and Gibbs–Duhem Relations indicate that special differential operators need to be used for continuous processes rather than the usual use of a generic differential.     

卫生填埋场生物降解沉降的热力学机理及其估算

从热力学的角度阐述了填埋体生物降解沉降的物理机理。依此对卫生填埋场生物降解沉降进行了界定,并初步建立了生物降解沉降量的计算模型。利用该模型,根据相关实测资料,对香港某卫生填埋场内因固体废弃物生物降解产生的沉降量进行了估算,并将估算结果与该填埋场的实测总沉降量进行了比较。     

球状壳聚糖树脂对NO_2~-吸附特性的研究

以壳聚糖粉末为原料,采用反相悬浮交联法制备了球状壳聚糖树脂(MCR)。通过静态吸附实验,研究了pH和温度对MCR吸附NO-2的影响以及MCR对水溶液中NO-2的吸附热力学和动力学特性。结果表明,在酸性条件下,313~328K时,MCR对NO-2有较好的吸附性能。吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型,属于单分子层吸附。吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型,受粒子内扩散和液膜扩散联合控制。     

土体耗散势的存在性

从热力学出发,基于不可逆热力学土体损伤理论所存在的基本问题:耗散势函数可否分解为塑性势函数和损伤势函数,即塑性、损伤两种耗散机制可否解耦,给出了全量型耗散势函数存在的充分必要条件并加以严格证明。结合土体的基本变形性质,证明了土体不存在耗散势函数。     

东南极中山站附近湖冰与固定冰热力学过程比较

2006年对东南极中山站附近湖冰和固定冰的热力学过程进行了系统观测.基于观测数据比较湖冰和固定冰热力学生消过程;分析湖冰和固定冰温度对气温变化的响应规律;计算不同深度层湖冰和固定冰的垂向热传导通量.结果表明:观测的湖泊和海岸区均在2月底至3月初形成连续冰层;湖冰9月底至10月初达到最大冰厚,早于固定冰1-2个月,湖冰最...     

A coupled damage–plasticity model for concrete based on thermodynamic principles: Part I: model formulation and parameter identification

The development of a coupled damage‐plasticity constitutive model for concrete is presented. Emphasis is put on thermodynamic admissibility, rigour and consistency both in the formulation of the model, and in the identification of model parameters based on experimental tests. The key feature of the thermodynamic framework used in this study is that all behaviour of the model can be derived from two specified energy potentials, following procedures established beforehand. Based on this framework, a constitutive model featuring full coupling between damage and plasticity in both tension and compression is developed. Tensile and compressive responses of the material are captured using two separate damage criteria, and a yield criterion with a multiple hardening rule. A crucial part of this study is the identification of model parameters, with these all being shown to be identifiable and computable based on standard tests on concrete. Behaviour of the model is assessed against experimental data on concrete. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水溶液中各化学组分可能存在式形分配及Eh值的计算方法

本文在参阅Crerar D.A.等人的资料的基础上,比较系统地论述了水溶液中各种化学组分可能存在形式分配及Eh值的计算方法。文章从对施实计算所需的原始数据的说明开始,主要从以下几个方面说明了计算方法:1.热力学问题的数学描述;2.问题的数值解;3.活度系数的校正;4.迭代步骤;5.Eh值的计算。文中以华清池温泉水化学分析资料为例,分别给出了此资料在12℃和42℃时的计算结果。由于分析技术和计算方法的误差,Eh值的计算结果存在一定的偏离,这也可能是由于给定温度下水中某些组分间存在着非平衡而引起的。     

The effects of stress on reactions in the Earth: Sometimes rather mean,usually normal,always important

Stress affects chemical processes on all scales in the Earth but the magnitude of its effect is debated. Here, I give a new synthesis of the theory that describes the effects of stress on chemistry, elaborating upon work in Materials Science which is built from fundamental thermodynamic laws, and show its significance in Earth Science. There are separate but compatible relationships describing what happens (1) at interfaces and (2) within grains. (1) The main chemical effects of stress in the Earth are due to variations in normal stress along grain interfaces and between interfaces with different orientations. For reactions involving diffusion these variations give effects on mineral stability broadly equivalent to pressure changes of (molar volume)/(molar volume change during reaction) × (stress variation). The volume ratio is generally large and so the effects of normal stress variations are always important since all stressed rocks have interfaces supporting different normal stresses. There is no global chemical equilibrium in a stressed system, so reaction kinetics contribute to ongoing evolution until stresses relax: this evolution can include deformation by diffusion creep and pressure solution, possibly with new mineral growth. These effects are relevant for predicting the conditions for reactions involving fluids, such as serpentinite formation and breakdown (relevant for the Earth's volatile cycles) and for other reactions such as ringwoodite breakdown (relevant for understanding the 660 km mantle discontinuity). (2) Within stressed solid solution grains it is not possible to define chemical potentials of all chemical components since one has to be specified as “immobile.” The chemical potential of a “mobile” component such as an exchange vector can be defined. It depends on the “partial molar strain,” a second rank tensor defining the variation in unit cell geometry with composition. In cubic crystals the partial molar strain is isotropic and the chemical potential of a mobile component depends on mean stress. In other crystal systems the partial molar strain is anisotropic and the chemical potential depends on a “weighted” mean stress; orientation as well as magnitude of stress has an influence. I propose “chemical palaeopiezometry”—the possibility of measuring past stress levels via chemistry. Examples show that stress variations in hundreds of MPa to GPa are required to produce 2% variations in composition but high stresses and/or precise chemical analyses will allow this proposal to be tested. High stresses around inclusions and dislocations could be targeted. So, the weighted mean stress inside grains has an effect which is relatively minor although potentially valuable in explaining chemical variations; the normal stress at interfaces plays the main role in chemical processes and its effects are of significant magnitude.     

热带气旋边界层关键结构研究进展

边界层的动热力结构在很大程度上决定了热带气旋(TC)的发生发展,首先,TC边界层是触发TC对流的源地,并作为海-陆-气能量交换的主要中介,提供TC发生发展的重要能源;其次,边界层是TC对流发展所需水汽的主要输送通道;第三,TC登陆时,陆地下垫面摩擦直接作用于边界层,加强辐合、对流和湍流输送.对这些特征的了解有利于从根本上掌握TC发展变化的规律,为提高登陆TC分析和预报水平奠定基础,具有重要的科学价值和实际意义.本文在前期TC边界层研究工作的基础上,从热力学和动力学的角度,介绍了近年来国际上关于TC边界层风场、湍流交换、卷涡、能量和水汽输送等关键结构特征研究的主要进展.阐述了边界层入流对于TC能量平衡、水汽输送的重要作用,揭示了边界层超梯度风现象存在的机制和成因,以及边界层卷涡与边界层动量输送和TC强度发展的关系.这些认识有助于加强TC边界层关键结构对TC发展作用的理论认识.在此基础上,指出了目前TC边界层研究中存在的核心难点问题,并建议将TC边界层研究与数值预报方法相结合:除了将边界层观测通过资料同化应用于TC数值模式初始化,还可研究优化与TC涡旋结构相关的边界层参数化方法,实现TC数值模式初始化与边界层物理过程的衔接,探索可切实改进TC预报的有效途径.