锰矿石的矿物平衡研究

本文应用热力学理论对不同价态锰的各种矿物的平衡关系进行了讨论，同时用湖南棠甘山和遵义锰矿石分析数据对其结论作了验证。     

Structural and P-T Evolution of a Major Cross Fold in the Central Zone of the Limpopo High-Grade Terrain, South Africa

The Central Zone (CZ) of the Limpopo Complex of southern Africais characterized by a complex deformational pattern dominatedby two types of fold geometries: large sheath folds and crossfolds. The sheath folds are steeply SSW-plunging closed structureswhereas the cross folds are north–south-oriented withnear-horizontal fold axes. In the area south of Messina thiscomplexly folded terrain grades continuously towards the southinto a crustal-scale ENE–WSW-trending ductile shear zonewith moderate dip towards the WSW. All sheath folds documentconsistent top-to-the-NE thrust movement of high-grade material.The timing of this shear deformational event (D₂) and thus ofthe gneissic fabric (S₂) is constrained (at     

热成因甲烷碳同位素分布的形成机制

很多学者从不同的角度用不同的方法模拟了从有机母质 (包括煤和干酪根等气源 )形成天然气 (甲烷 )时的碳同位素分馏效应 ,建立了碳同位素分馏效应的很多模型 ,同时也讨论了催化作用和成烃后作用对天然气碳同位素的影响。但这些理论模型和模拟实验结果都还不能完全地拟合自然界中热成因甲烷碳同位素的分布 ,也未能从本质上完全阐明其碳同位素的分馏机制。其原因是各种模型的前提假设都未能完全满足复杂的自然界条件。今后工作的重点应放在用化学动力学的方法建立更完善的模型上 ,同时也应当重点考虑催化作用和成烃后作用对天然气同位素的影响。     

方解石和白云石溶蚀实验热力学模型及地质意义

通过碳酸盐（方解石、白云石）溶蚀作用实验室模拟研究，建立了溶蚀作用的热力学模型方程，对埋藏成岩的3种不同温压条件下（348．15K，Mpa ,373．15K，25Mpa，403．15K，30MPa）碳酸盐溶蚀作用进行了定量研究。提出随着温度和压力的升高，碳酸盐溶解反应的吉布春播由能降低，因而溶解反应增强；在相同温度和压力的地质条件下，白云石较方解石更易溶蚀并形成次生孔隙，这为油气生成运移提供了有利的地下空间和通道。     

Thermomechanical model of hydration swelling in smectitic clays: I two-scale mixture-theory approach

A thermomechanical theory of hydration swelling in smectitic clays is proposed. The clay is treated as a three-scale swelling system wherein macroscopic governing equations are derived by upscaling the microstructure. At the microscale the model has two phases, the disjoint clay platelets and adsorbed water (water between the platelets). At the intermediate (meso) scale (the homogenized microscale) the model consists of clay particles (adsorbed water plus clay platelets) and bulk water. At the macroscale the medium is treated as an homogenized swelling mixture of clay particles and bulk-phase water with thermodynamic properties defined everywhere within the macroscopic body. In Part I, the mesoscopic model governing the swelling of the clay particles is derived using a mixture-theoretic approach and the Coleman and Noll method of exploitation of the entropy inequality. Application of this procedure leads to two-scale governing equations which generalize the classical thermoelastic consolidation model of non-swelling media, as they exhibit additional physico-chemical and viscous-type terms accounting for hydration stresses between the adsorbed fluid and the clay minerals. In Part II the two-scale model is applied to a bentonitic clay used for engineered barrier of nuclear waste repository. The clay buffer is assumed to have monomodal character with most of the water essentially adsorbed. Further, partial results toward a three-scale thermomechanical macroscopic model including the bulk phase next to the swelling particles are derived by homogenizing the two-scale model with the bulk water. A notable consequence of this three-scale approach is that it provides a rational basis for the appearance of a generalized inter-phase mass transfer between adsorbed and bulk water. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2002年7月15日华北地区酷热事件的诊断分析

为开展对高温酷热天气事件的研究 ,根据 2 0 0 2年 7月 15日我国华北大部分地区出现地面气温 >40℃的酷热天气 ,利用已有的各种观测资料 ,对酷热事件发生前和发生时的地面和高空天气形势进行了分析 ,并详细讨论了各物理量的时空分布情况。热力学方程各项因子的诊断分析表明 ,此次“酷热”事件是由于温度平流、温度垂直输送和非绝热加热 3个因子共同作用的结果。     

西北太平洋温带气旋爆发性发展的热力-动力学分析

利用天气、位涡分析和导出的Lagrangian型广义Z－O发展方程的诊断分析,考查了两个西北太平洋温带气旋爆发件发展的主要强迫机制和热力一动力空;司结构。结果表明,热力强迫对爆发性气旋发展起主要控制作用,当反映大气斜乐性的Laplacian温度平流、积云对流和湍流加热为主的热力强迫共同作用使地转相对涡度急剧增长时,气旋便出现了爆发性发展,其中积二尺度的对流加热贡献更大。Laplacian绝热冷却、大气向海洋的感热输送和摩擦效应起阻滞发展的作用,也是控制气旋衰亡的主要过程。爆发性发展启动同子因例而异,涡度平流、Laplacian温度平流和Laplacian大尺度加热均可成为主要启动因子。垂直积分平均分布和垂直结构考查进一步佐证了诊断分析的结果,并揭示了气旋爆发性发展过程中一些重要的热力-动力学分布特征。     

Geophysics of sea ice in the Baltic Sea: A review

With improved observation methods, increased winter navigation, and increased awareness of the climate and environmental changes, research on the Baltic Sea ice conditions has become increasingly active. Sea ice has been recognized as a sensitive indicator for changes in climate. Although the inter-annual variability in the ice conditions is large, a change towards milder ice winters has been detected from the time series of the maximum annual extent of sea ice and the length of the ice season. On the basis of the ice extent, the shift towards a warmer climate took place in the latter half of the 19th century. On the other hand, data on the ice thickness, which are mostly limited to the land-fast ice zone, basically do not show clear trends during the 20th century, except that during the last 20 years the thickness of land-fast ice has decreased. Due to difficulties in measuring the pack-ice thickness, the total mass of sea ice in the Baltic Sea is, however, still poorly known. The ice extent and length of the ice season depend on the indices of the Arctic Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation. Sea ice dynamics, thermodynamics, structure, and properties strongly interact with each other, as well as with the atmosphere and the sea. The surface conditions over the ice-covered Baltic Sea show high spatial variability, which cannot be described by two surface types (such as ice and open water) only. The variability is strongly reflected to the radiative and turbulent surface fluxes. The Baltic Sea has served as a testbed for several developments in the theory of sea ice dynamics. Experiences with advanced models have increased our understanding on sea ice dynamics, which depends on the ice thickness distribution, and in turn redistributes the ice thickness. During the latest decade, advance has been made in studies on sea ice structure, surface albedo, penetration of solar radiation, sub-surface melting, and formation of superimposed ice and snow ice. A high vertical resolution has been found as a prerequisite to successfully model thermodynamic processes during the spring melt period. A few observations have demonstrated how the river discharge and ice melt affect the stratification of the oceanic boundary layer below the ice and the oceanic heat flux to the ice bottom. In general, process studies on ice–ocean interaction have been rare. In the future, increasingly multidisciplinary studies are needed with close links between sea ice physics, geochemistry and biology.     

伟晶岩结晶动力学和热力学及稀有金属超常富集成矿机制

本文综述了伟晶岩结晶动力学、热力学和伟晶岩熔体稀有金属元素实现超常富集成矿的机制。结晶动力学涉及成核动力学和晶体生长动力学两个方面。低成核速率和高晶体生长速率是伟晶岩结晶动力学的重要特征,在结晶过程受到水、助溶剂以及过冷条件三个因素共同制约。伟晶岩熔体的相态（超临界态）可能在伟晶岩形成和稀有金属元素超常富集中扮演重要角色。花岗伟晶岩稀有金属超常富集程度受到岩浆源区成分、岩浆结晶分异过程与熔体化学成分等因素的控制。花岗质岩浆高度分异结晶或者变质沉积岩部分熔融直接形成的成矿伟晶岩熔体均需要源岩中稀有金属元素预富集。深熔作用产生的低程度、小体积的伟晶岩熔体具有更高的稀有金属元素成矿潜力。在岩浆分异演化过程中,稀有金属元素的超常富集主要通过超临界熔体/流体、岩浆熔体作用、过冷作用实现。超临界熔体/流体发生熔体- 流体不混溶作用使稀有金属元素在熔体相和流体相间再分配和富集;岩浆熔离作用使稀有金属元素选择性分配到富挥发分的熔体中,导致稀有金属元素再次富集;过冷作用降低稀有金属矿物结晶的饱和浓度,促进稀有金属矿物结晶。熔体的化学成分（如挥发分）直接影响熔体的物理、化学性质。例如,挥发分的富集能够降低熔体黏度,促进岩浆分异结晶过程。挥发分和稀有金属元素的亲和性也控制稀有金属元素在不同相熔体中的分配和富集,显著增加稀有金属元素的溶解度和迁移富集能力,有助于伟晶岩中稀有金属超常富集和成矿。     

混凝土动力本构模型的基础理论与建模应用综述

混凝土结构分析问题中动力荷载下混凝土的动力本构模型研究日益重要。为对建立混凝土动力本构关系的基础理论有系统的认知和了解其应用,对其进行了总结,简述了在建立混凝土动本构方面的应用,对混凝土动力本构模型的理论发展趋势作了展望。并对当前混凝土动力本构模型的应用做了概括评述,并指出了混凝土动力本构的可行研究方向,为建立混凝土动力本构模型提供指导。