BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Unfairly Structured Cities . Blair Badcock Religion and Rural Revolt . Janos M. Bak and Gerhard Benecke The Industrial Geography of Canada . Anthony Blackbourn and Robert G. Putnam The Cuban-American Experience, Culture, Images, and Perspectives. Thomas D. Boswell and James R. Curtis Quaternary Paleoclimatology . R. S. Bradley Development and Crisis in Brazil, 1930–1983 . Luiz Bresser Pereiras Centres of Origin in Biogeography . John C. Briggs Analytical Urban Geography . Martin Cadwallader Geomorphology . Richard J. Chorley , Stanley A. Schumm, and David E. Sugden South Africa: The Impact of Past Geographies . A. J. Christopher The Geography of Underdevelopment. A Critical Survey . D. K. Forbes Health Care in Developing Countries . Wilbert M. Gesler Place to Grow Old: The Meaning of Environment in Old Age . Stephen M. Golant The Emerging Marine Economy of the Pacific . Chennat Gopalakrishnan An Introduction to Agricultural Geography . David B. Grigg The Soviet Union: A Geographical Study . G. Melvyn Howe Geographical Aspects of Health: Essays in Honour of Andrew Learmonth . N. D. Mc Glashan and J. R. Blunden Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation . Tom L. Mc Knight Mountain Experience. The Psychology and Sociology of Adventure. Richard G. Mitchell Jr . Systematic and Regional Biogeography. Stanley A. Morain The Economic Transformation of American Cities. T. J. Noyelle and T. M. Stanback , Jr . Normal Accidents: Living With High-Risk Technologies. Charles Perrow Vanishing Farmland: A Legal Solution for the States. Sarah E. Redfield Applied Methods of Regional Analysis: The Spatial Dimensions of Development Policy. Dennis A. Rondinelli Urbanization in Romania. A Geography of Social and Economic Change Since Independence. Per Ronnas Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis. Gareth Shaw and Dennis Wheeler The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design. Anne Whiston Spirn Political Geography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Peter Taylor and John House Geographia y Medio Ambiente. Manuel Valenzuela -Rubío Nãgara and Commandery: Origins of the Southeast Asian Urban Traditions. Paul Wheatley The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Community. Mark Wise Geography and Gender. Women and Geography Study Group of the IBG Technological Hazards. D. J. Zeigler , J. H. Johnson , S. D. Brunn     

Comptonization in the vicinity of the black hole horizon

Using a Monte Carlo method, we derive spectra arising from Comptonization taking place close to a Kerr black hole. We consider a model consisting of a hot thermal corona Comptonizing seed photons emitted by a cold accretion disc. We find that general relativistic effects are crucial for the emerging spectra in models, which involve significant contribution of radiation produced in the black hole ergosphere. As a result of this contribution, spectra of hard X-ray emission produced in the vicinity of a rapidly rotating black hole strongly depend on the inclination of the line of sight, with larger inclinations corresponding to harder spectra. Remarkably, such anisotropy could be responsible for properties of the X-ray spectra of Seyfert galaxies, which appear to be intrinsically harder in type 2 objects than in type 1, as reported recently.     

2013年重庆秋季连阴雨期间暴雨过程对比分析

2013年8月29日9月11日,重庆各地出现不同程度的连续降水天气,持续614天,降水日数多、日雨量大,连阴雨期间重庆出现两次区域性暴雨天气过程,为较严重连阴雨天气。利用NCEP 1°×1°的再分析资料及重庆地区逐日、逐时降水资料及雷达回波资料,对连阴雨天气期间两次暴雨过程进行对比分析。结果表明：此次连阴雨过程中欧亚地区中高纬500 hPa呈“两脊一槽”型,连阴雨过程中两次暴雨过程的500 hPa中高纬形势有所不同,但影响系统均为短波槽;两次过程都存在强大的水汽输送带,因副热带高压位置不同,暴雨区水汽来源也不同,一次来源于南海,一次来源于南海与孟加拉湾。近地层弱冷空气及中层暖湿气流的持续影响使连阴雨天气得以维持,两次暴雨过程产生前或产生时都伴有低层冷空气和中层暖湿气流的加强。由于“9·10”暴雨过程在暴雨区附近有明显的θse锋区,而“9·2”暴雨却不存在θse锋区,因此连阴雨过程中两次暴雨的降水性质不同。在对流并不特别强的暴雨过程中,雷达资料对影响系统强度的判断同样有指导意义。     

基于盐湖资源的硝酸熔盐储能材料性能研究

太阳能光热发电是可再生能源发展的主要方向。作为太阳能光热发电的核心技术,熔融盐以热容量大、粘度低、蒸汽压低、使用温度范围宽等诸多独特的性能优势,成为光热发电储能的首选。相比之下,硝酸熔盐具有优良的传热和流体流动等特性,使其在光热储热系统中的性能优势较为突出。我国盐湖地区具备太阳能光热发电的发展空间和优势,丰富的无机盐资源可以降低相关相变储能材料的生产成本,有利于推进太阳能的规模化发展、能源结构的调整优化。据此,立足于盐湖资源的开发利用,以硝酸盐系列传热蓄热介质的工业应用为背景,针对产业化的二元硝酸盐熔盐做了更深入的系统研究;在此基础上,通过添加硝酸镁,制备了低熔点的三元熔盐储能材料;并将碳纳米管引入到硝酸盐体系,进一步提升了其导热性能。这不仅为硝酸熔盐储热材料的制备提供了理论基础,也为其在光热发电的应用打开了更多的可能性。     

Study of thermal properties of supraglacial debris and degree-day factors on Lirung Glacier,Nepal

The extensive debris that covers glaciers in the ablation zone of the Himalayan region plays an important part in regulating ablation rates and water availability for the downstream region. The melt rate of ice is determined by the amount of heat conducted through debris material lying over the ice. This study presents the vertical temperature gradients, thermal properties in terms of thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity, and positive degree-day factors for the debris-covered portion of Lirung Glacier in Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalaya using field-based measurements from three different seasons.Field measurements include debris temperatures at different debris thicknesses, air temperature, and ice melt during the monsoon(2013), winter(2013), and pre-monsoon(2014) seasons. We used a thermal equation to estimate thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity, and degree-day factors(DDF) were calculated from cumulative positive temperature and ice melt of the measurement period. Our analysis of debris temperature profiles at different depths of debris show the daily linear gradients of-20.81 °C/m, 4.05 °C/m, and-7.79 °C/m in the monsoon, winter, and pre-monsoon seasons, respectively. The values of thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity in the monsoon season were 10 times greater than in the winter season. The large difference in these values is attributed to surface temperature and moisture content within the debris. Similarly, we found higher values of DDFs at thinner debris for the pre-monsoon season than in the monsoon season although we observed less melting during the pre-monsoon season. This is attributed to higher cumulative temperature during the monsoon season than in the pre-monsoon season. Our study advances our understanding of heat conductivity through debris material in different seasons, which supports estimating ice melt and discharge from glacierized river basins with debris-covered glaciers in the Himalayan region.     

Improvement and Evaluation of the Latest Version of WRF-Lake at a Deep Riverine Reservoir

The WRF-lake vertically one-dimensional(1D) water temperature model, as a submodule of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) system, is being widely used to investigate water–atmosphere interactions. But previous applications revealed that it cannot accurately simulate the water temperature in a deep riverine reservoir during a large flow rate period, and whether it can produce sufficiently accurate heat flux through the water surface of deep riverine reservoirs remains uncertain. In this st...     

Seasonal Variation in Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on Building Areas and in Green Spaces in Beijing,China

The cooling and humidifying effects of urban parks are an essential component of city ecosystems in terms of regulating microclimates or mitigating urban heat islands(UHIs).Air temperature and relative humidity are two main factors of thermal environmental comfort and have a critical impact on the urban environmental quality of human settlements.We measured the 2-m height air temperature and relative humidity at the Beijing Olympic Park and a nearby building roof for more than 1 year to elucidate seasonal variations in air temperature and relative humidity,as well as to investigate the outdoor thermal comfort.The results showed that the lawn of the park could,on average,reduce the air temperature by(0.80±0.19)℃,and increase the relative humidity by(5.24±2.91)% relative to the values measured at the building roof during daytime.During the nighttime,the lawn of the park reduced the air temperature by(2.64±0.64)℃ and increased the relative humidity by(10.77±5.20)%.The park was cooler and more humid than surrounding building area,especially in night period(more pronounced cooling with 1.84℃).Additionally,the lawn of the park could improve outdoor thermal comfort through its cooling and humidifying effects.The level of thermal comfort in the park was higher than that around the building roof for a total of 11 days annually in which it was above one or more thermal comfort levels(average reduced human comfort index of 0.92)except during the winter.     

GM(1,1)幂模型的改进及其在沉降预测中的应用

GM(1,1)幂模型可用于趋于稳定或具有S型变化趋势的沉降预测,但其存在灰色建模的固有缺陷、非等间隔数据的不适用性和参数求解复杂性等不足之处。结合幂函数变换与无偏GM(1,1)模型和非等间隔无偏GM(1,1)模型,建立了无偏GM(1,1)幂模型和非等间隔无偏GM(1,1)幂模型。基于Matlab程序,以拟合结果的平均相对误差最小作为优化目标,提出参数的优化求解方法,同时提出采用Origin拟合函数SRichards2的替代方法。实例分析结果显示,两种方法拟合效果相当,均可用于沉降预测。结合两者的应用效果和建模特点,建议人工处理数据时采用Origin拟合函数SRichards2;对于有特殊优化目标的情况或自动化监测设计时,可采用无偏GM(1,1)幂模型或非等间隔无偏GM(1,1)幂模型。     

水源热泵系统中地下水流贯通及其对温度场的影响

利用含水层储能的一般特点,提出流贯通;分析流贯通和热贯通的相互作用、相互影响及对工程实际的意义;并基于地下水水热运移的基本原理,建立地下水流动和热量输运的耦合数值模型。在此基础上对沈阳某场地水源热泵工程的运行进行流场及温度场的数值模拟分析,给出产生流贯通的依据,即利用水力坡度定量的判断流贯通发生与否;当水力坡度变化非常小、可忽略不计时,认为含水层出现流贯通;进而研究抽、灌量对流贯通的影响,发现抽、灌量越大,则出现流贯通时间越短;而大量的抽、灌量更容易发生流贯通,进而会引起热贯通的发生。在实际工程中可降低抽、灌水量,在条件许可的情况下可提高抽、灌井的间距,并可在抽、灌井运行一个周期后调整抽灌井位置,以减少热贯通的发生。     

从同位素年代学到构造年代学

从同位素年代学发展到构造年代学,中间必须经历热年代学、构造-热年代学、变形年代学等阶段。同位素年代学只是提供简单的地质事件年龄,热年代学同时赋予了地质事件温度和年龄信息,而构造年代学则强调地质或构造过程中时间-空间的四维演化过程。构造年代学使年龄数据的科学意义除了时间外,还有温度、地壳深度变化、是否有流体参与等多重意义,它涉及到多维空间的变化：时间、温度、水平方向的二维变形、垂直方向的变形等。在现有技术和认知水平的条件下,强调指出了从变形年代学到构造年代学的发展中要注意的一些关键问题,而回归传统地质、以野外变形为基础的变形年代学研究是构造年代学发展的前提。