Short-term variability of fCO2 in seawater and air–sea CO2 fluxes in a coastal upwelling system (Ría de Vigo, NW Spain)

Coastal upwelling systems are regions with highly variable physical processes and very high rates of primary production and very little is known about the effect of these factors on the short-term variations of CO₂ fugacity in seawater (fCO₂^w). This paper presents the effect of short-term variability (<1 week) of upwelling–downwelling events on CO₂ fugacity in seawater (fCO₂^w), oxygen, temperature and salinity fields in the Ría de Vigo (a coastal upwelling ecosystem). The magnitude of fCO₂^w values is physically and biologically modulated and ranges from 285 μatm in July to 615 μatm in October. There is a sharp gradient in fCO₂^w between the inner and the outer zone of the Ría during almost all the sampling dates, with a landward increase in fCO₂^w.CO₂ fluxes calculated from local wind speed and air–sea fCO₂ differences indicate that the inner zone is a sink for atmospheric CO₂ in December only (−0.30 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹). The middle zone absorbs CO₂ in December and July (−0.05 and −0.27 mmol·m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively). The oceanic zone only emits CO₂ in October (0.36 mmol·m⁻² day⁻¹) and absorbs at the highest rate in December (−1.53 mmol·m⁻² day⁻¹).     

台站用百叶箱内外气温比对与分析

用双通道自动测温表对台站用的百叶箱内外气温进行了同步比对测量与分析。指出自然通风时，百叶箱对箱内气温变化产生一定程度的滞后和热辐射作用。滞后作用较明显。     

Wind influence on water exchange between the ria of Ferrol (NW Spain) and the shelf

The wind-induced water exchange between the ria of Ferrol (NW Spain) and the adjacent shelf is analyzed by means of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (MOHID2000). Since thermohaline measurements indicate that the estuary can be considered vertically homogeneous a barotropic version of the model has been used. Real in situ wind measurements have been used for model calibration and further analysis. The approach to study the wind effect on water exchange through the ria strait consisted in subtracting the signal calculated with only tidal forcing (T_s) from the one with wind and tidal forcing (WT_s). This shows the existence of a residual circulation, with water flowing in wind direction along surfaces layers and a counter current flowing in the opposite direction at bottom layers. The flux across the strait of Ferrol has shown to increase linearly on wind strength, with a correlation larger than 96% and reaching values close to 20 m³ s⁻¹ under real wind forcing.     

Reprint of “Seasonal and daily variation of mercury evasion at coastal and off shore sites from the Mediterranean Sea”

Dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) was measured continuously using two newly developed techniques and a manual technique. The continuous techniques were based on the equilibrium between the aqueous and gaseous phase (DGM = Hg_extr / H', Hg_extr is the measured mercury concentration in the gas phase, H' is the Henry's Law coefficient at the desired temperature). In order to calculate the annual mercury evasion from the Mediterranean Sea, diurnal and seasonal measurements of DGM, total gaseous mercury in air (TGM), water temperature and wind speed were performed. During August 2003, March–April 2004 and October–November 2004 measurements of these parameters were conducted on board the RV Urania. The continuous measurements of DGM showed a diurnal variation in concentration, at both coastal and off shore sites, with higher concentrations during daytime than nighttime. The concentration difference could be as large as 130 fM between day and night. The degree of saturation was calculated directly from the measurements, S = Hg_extr / TGM and was found to vary between the different seasons. The highest average degree of saturation (850%) and the largest variation in saturation (600–1150%) was observed during the summer. The spring showed the lowest variation (260–360%) and the lowest average degree of saturation (320%). The autumn also showed a large variation in saturation (500–1070%) but a lower average (740%) compared to the summer cruise. This might be explained by the temperature difference between the different seasons, since that parameter varied the most. The flux from the sea surface was calculated using the gas exchange model developed by Nightingale et al. [Nightingale, P.D., Malin, G., Law, C.S., Watson, A.J., Liss, P.S., Liddicoat, M.I., Boutin, J., Upstill-Goddard, R. C., 2000. In situ evaluation of air–sea gas exchange parameterization using novel conservative and volatile tracers. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14(1):373–387]. The evasion varied between the different seasons with the highest evasion during the autumn, 24.6 pmol m^− 2 h^− 1. The summer value was estimated to 22.3 pmol m^− 2 h^− 1 and the spring to 7.6 pmol m^− 2 h^− 1. Using this data the yearly evasion from the Mediterranean Sea surface was estimated to 77 tons.     

单细胞海藻有机质热演化特征与成烃性能

以单细胞海藻为材料进行热模拟生烃试验。对其不同温度级别下的元素分析。红外光谱和有机差热等测试分析，结果表明，单细胞海藻有机质演化呈现出阶段性特点，从常温到300℃为未成熟阶段。产烃性能好；300-400℃为主要产烃期，有机质已达成熟阶段；400-500℃时海藻有机质产烃性能明显减弱，为过成熟阶段，热模拟试验结果表明，单细胞海藻是良好的生烃原始母质，并清晰地显示出了单细胞海藻有机质的热演化特征和生烃历程。     

Physical processes associated with high primary production in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia

Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, has long been known for the presence, in most years, of anoxic bottom water. One factor contributing to this anoxia is a high level of primary production, which occurs as a major spring bloom followed by sporadic ‘mini-blooms’ throughout the summer and early fall. The process(es) by which new production is refueled after nutrient exhaustion caused by the spring bloom are not well known, since Saanich is an inverse estuary and vertical mixing driven by winds and tides is low. This study presents new observational evidence that strongly suggests that the dominant mechanism of nutrient resupply during the summer months is intermittent advective exchange, driven by pressure gradients set up by strong tidal mixing in passages outside Saanich Inlet itself. A simple box model is formulated to illustrate this mechanism. When driven by annual freshwater forcing and deepwater renewal functions characteristic of the region and measured tides for 1975, the model predicts resupply of nitrate during most of the periods observed in 1975 observations (Deep-Sea Res. 24 (1977) 775). This ‘action-at-a distance’ nutrient resupply mechanism, involving strong but localized turbulent mixing and subsequent distribution of the products of mixing over large-horizontal distances by pressure-gradient-driven flow, is likely important in other coastal regions where the estuarine circulation is weak.     

Spatial and temporal variations in free polyamine distributions in Uranouchi Inlet, Japan

Polyamines are an essential component of living organisms that influence normal cell growth and development. Despite the possible importance of polyamines for marine microbial ecology, concentrations of polyamines in seawater are not well known.Using HPLC analysis with a cation exchange column and OPA reagent, we determined polyamine concentrations in seawater without carrying out desalting, concentration or derivatization steps prior to chromatography.In seawater collected from Uranouchi Inlet, putrescine and spermidine were the predominant polyamines, ranging from undetectable (N.D.) to 4.4 nM and N.D. to 2.8 nM, respectively. Though other polyamines were detected, the frequency of detection was much lower than that of putrescine and spermidine; concentrations ranged from N.D. to 0.9 nM for cadaverine, and N.D. to 3.2 nM for norspermidine. Norspermine and spermine were detected in only a few samples; their concentrations varied from N.D. to 3.2 nM and N.D. to 0.5 nM, respectively. These concentrations were higher in the summer.     

热带西太平洋海－气热量通量研究──Ⅲ．冬季天气过程海－气热量交换的特征

根据执行ＴＯＧＡ／ＣＯＡＲＥ研究计划在热带西太平洋进行考察的结果，对调查海区海－气界面热量交换进行了分析。结果表明：冬季在热带扰动的影响下，调查海区海－气热量交换非常强烈，在风速较小、天气情况良好的情况下，调查海区海水得到的热量远大于失去的热量，调查海区海水对大气加热的变化与表层海水温度的变化并不一致，热带太平洋信风的加强对暖池的建立似乎是至关重要的。     

Water exchange of the Stockholm archipelago—a cascade framework modelling approach

The Stockholm archipelago spans roughly a semicircular area with a radius of approximately 60 km, traditionally partitioned into three parts: the inner, the middle and the outer archipelago. This subdivision coincides with differing water exchange regimes. The inner and middle archipelagos are characterised by comparatively larger basins which are interconnected by a limited number of straits. This configuration is well suited for a discrete basin (DB-) model approach by partitioning the area into a set of sub-basins that are only resolved vertically. The advantage of this approach over 3D-models is the possibility for enhanced vertical resolution and improved strait exchange formulation, outweighing the disadvantage of neglected horizontal gradients within the basins. In the inner archipelago the dominating exchange process is estuarine circulation, induced by the marked freshwater discharge and the vertical mixing. In the outer and middle archipelagos the density fluctuations due to Ekman pumping along the Baltic boundary interface produce another type of baroclinic process that clearly dominates. Measurements to adequately resolve these density variations do not exist. Missing forcing data are provided by linking the middle archipelago's boundary straits to a 3D-model of the Baltic with a grid resolution of 0.5 nautical miles (n.m.). This fine resolution model (FR-domain) is in turn driven by the atmospheric forcing and the density variation at the rectangular boundary of the FR-domain which acceptably resolves both the interfacial straits and the outer archipelago's complex hypsography. Massive computing resources would be demanded if the FR-domain were extended to comprise the entire Baltic. The FR-domain is thus interfaced with an existing coarse resolution model of the entire Baltic (CR-domain) with a grid size of 5 n.m., the open boundary of which is located in the Kattegat. This 3-fold model set-up has been run for one whole year (1992) with a one-year spin-up time to make up for the lack of initial data. The model concept is at this stage to be regarded as a framework for further development in anticipation of improved formulations, particularly for the strait exchange formulation. Therefore only primary validation experiments and a few sensitivity analyses have been performed.     

划分变性水团边界的温盐点聚对照法与东海西部海区变性水团的分析

温盐点聚对照法是根据温盐点聚图而确定变性水团边界的一种分析方法。用这种方法分析东海西部海区中的变性水团,可以得到如下结果:在该海区中除四个原型水团之外,还有两个变性水团。具有区域性特征的变性回归线,仅在寒冷季节存在。可以看出,变性交换区与顺时针环流的存在密切相关。提出了检验该海区各变性水团消长变化的模式。最后,描述了混合带与中心渔场位置之间的关系。