南极冰钻钻井液应用性试验研究

钻井液的性质及性能参数对于南极科学钻探有着重要的影响。钻井液除了必须要具备合适的粘度和密度,以满足冷却钻头、平衡孔壁压力、携带冰屑、清洁孔底的要求外,钻井液的性质如导电性、导热性及其腐蚀性对于保证钻具的正常工作、输送孔内信息也有着重要的影响。根据目前已经在南极使用的钻井液类型,分别对6种介质（国产硅油-3cst、KF96硅油-2cst、丁酸乙酯、丁酸丁酯、丁酸戊酯、丙酸丙酯）在不同温度下的电导率、导热系数和对密封件的腐蚀性进行了试验测试,选出了适合南极应用的钻井液类型及在钻具中使用的密封件材质,可供极地钻探选择钻井液类型及钻具设计提供重要的参考。     

地表温度反演的算法综述

地表温度是研究地球表面的重要参数,被称为地表的皮肤温度。反演地表温度对自然灾害监测、城市热岛等有着重要意义,利用热红外遥感技术是反演地表温度的主要方式。本文阐述了目前主要用于反演地表温度的各算法特性、优缺点和适用情况,对各种算法进行对比分析,并指出反演地表温度存在的问题及解决问题的方向,并对反演地表温度发展趋势进行了展望。     

黄河源区冻土分布制图及其热稳定性特征模拟

以黄河源区多年冻土分布现状和热力特征为研究目标,通过野外调查及实测数据,分析了黄河源区不同地形地貌、不同地表覆盖条件下的冻土形成、分布特征和以地温为基础的热学特征,探讨了不同尺度因素对多年冻土分布的影响。结果表明,在高程低于4 300 m的平原区,多年冻土多不发育;在高于4 350 m的山区,局地地形对多年冻土的形成与分布作用显著。除阳坡地形外,多年冻土均比较发育;介于4 300~4 350 m的低山丘陵和平原区,局地地形、地表植被、土壤湿度等因素共同决定着多年冻土的形成和分布格局。以年均地温指标为基础,构建了以纬度、经度和高程为自变量的回归模型,并对阳坡地形进行微调和校正。结果表明,以0oC作为划分季节冻土和多年冻土的标准和界限,多年冻土面积2.5×10⁴km²,约占整个源区面积的85.1%;季节冻土面积0.3×10⁴km²,约占整个源区面积的9.7%。进一步以0.5oC或1.0oC为分类间隔绘制了黄河源区多年冻土热稳定性空间分布图。     

皮山6.5级地震前地表MODIS热红外异常与气象台站记录对比

利用2015年皮山6.5级地震前半年的MODIS影像,通过劈窗算法对震中周边地表温度进行反演,通过对比地表反演温度和震中周边气象台站气象记录,研究发现震中附近在震前80 d和15 d左右出现明显的热异常,但在震前1个月左右存在短暂的温度低异常现象。另外,根据近22年的气象记录,震中及周边在震前半年气温明显偏高,这种气象异常或可视为地震前兆。     

土壤水分条件对内蒙古典型草原水汽和二氧化碳通量的影响研究

本文基于2007年和2008年生长季内蒙古羊草和大针茅草原湍流观测资料,分析了两种典型草原下垫面生长季的不同土壤水分条件下水汽和二氧化碳通量交换特征及其控制因子。主要结果如下:（1）在植被生长峰值期,日尺度上,干旱条件下土壤湿度是潜热通量的主要控制因子,而土壤水分条件较好时潜热通量主要受净辐射控制。（2）与大针茅草原相比,羊草草原叶面积指数较大,水分条件较好时,其潜热通量平均值更大,CO₂吸收能力更强,吸收CO₂更多;但在土壤水分胁迫出现时,羊草草原叶面的气孔闭合度急剧增加,大针茅草原的潜热通量、和CO₂吸收反而更大,表现出更为耐旱的植被特性。（3）地表导度可以用来解释土壤水分条件对羊草和大针茅草原碳水通量的影响。     

火星表面亮温的时空变化特征分析

利用3个火星轨道器获取的热红外波段探测数据,分析了火星表面亮温在时间维上的年际和季节性变化规律,以及空间维上随地形和纬度的变化特征。研究结果表明:(1)5个火星年的表面亮温年际变化幅度均未超出轨道器热红外波段探测数据的精度范围。(2)火星南半球表面亮温的季节性变化幅度大,远日点时期表面亮温随季节的变化基本符合正弦规律且年际差异小,而近日点则有多处明显偏离正弦规律且年际差异较大;北半球表面亮温的季节性变化幅度远小于南半球,且季节特征不明显,受全球性尘暴影响而引起的夜间升温要大于夏季太阳辐射能增加引起的升温。(3)在同一时段,盆地、峡谷等低海拔地形的表面亮温较高,而山峰、高原、台地等高海拔地形的表面亮温一般较低;Olympus Mons地区的表面亮温与高程之间存在相关系数为–0.9072的负相关关系,线性拟合的结果表明该区域海拔每上升1 km,表面亮温下降约1.4 K。(4)表面亮温随纬度的变化总体上满足低纬度高于高纬度的规律,但受到地形等因素的影响,表面亮温最大值出现在偏离赤道的35°S位置,而赤道附近纬度的表面亮温最小值要小于临近稍高纬度位置的最小值;从赤道到两极同纬度表面亮温的差异逐渐减小。     

Assessing thermal maturity of Palaeozoic rocks from reflectance of chitinozoa as constrained by geochemical indicators: an example from southern Ontario, Canada

The reflectance of chitinozoa (%ChR₀) was investigated as an alternative technique of determining the level of thermal maturity of organic-rich Palaeozoic rocks in southern Ontario. These sedimentary strata, which include the Ordovician Collingwood Member and the Blue Mountain Formation, as well as the Devonian Marcellus Formation, lack vitrinite precluding the application of a standard vitrinite reflectance (%VR₀) technique. ChR₀ shows a proportional increase at marginal to moderate maturities, being on average 20 to 25% higher than expected vitrinite reflectance. The reflectance data fall into a very narrow range showing a high degree of consistency for each lithostratigraphic unit. The average ChR₀ are as follows: Collingwood Mbr 0.63% (Georgian Bay area) and 0.88% (Toronto area), Blue Mountain Fm 0.92%, Marcellus Fm 0.68%. Correlation with more conventional optical and geochemical maturity parameters obtained from the same set of samples (fluorescence of Tasmanites, Leiosphaeridia and Gloeocapsomorpha alginite, Rock-Eval Tmax, extract data, distribution of terpanes and steranes in extracts) indicates that, within the area of study, the beginning of the catagenetic stage corresponds to ChR₀=0.65% (equivalent VR=0.50%) whereas the threshold of significant oil generation is reached at ChR₀=0.9% (equivalent VR=0.70%). Therefore the Blue Mountain Formation is thermally mature with respect to hydrocarbon generation throughout the whole area of study. The Collingwood shales are mature only in the Toronto area while those occurring in the Georgian Bay area as well as the Marcellus shales have yet to enter the main stage of hydrocarbon generation. This integrated approach of assessing thermal maturity shows that ChR₀, when constrained with other maturity parameters, is a very reliable indicator of thermal maturity in Lower to Middle Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks.     

Relation Matrix of Water Exchange for Sea Bays and Its Application

1 .IntroductionWater exchange of sea bays is a basic issue for marine environment study. Water exchange be-tween a coastal area andthe outside area dueto advection and diffusionis animportant waytoimprovethe water qualityinthe coastal area . Withthe rapid…     

Simulation of the seasonal thermal structure in the Bohai Sea

The seasonal thermal structure in the Bohai Sea are examined with a three-dimensional boroclinic primitive equation model for shelf sea.The evolution of the seasonal thermal stratification is well simulated.The stratification appears early in April,first in the area off Qinhuangdao and it is well developed in the middle of May.It intensifies with synoptic and neap-spring fluctuations throughout the summer and reaches its maximum in the middle of July.Eventually,it is destroyed at the end of September.There are cold water belts between well-mixed and stratified regions.They are loGated on the mixed side of tidal fronts,and coincide with the isolines for a temperature difference of 1-2℃ between surface and bottom.The sea surface temperature (SST) distribution shows local maxima at the head of three bays and to the south of Qinhuangdao during the summer.The Bohai Sea responds to the variability in the atmospheric forcing and in tides with the synoptic and neap-spring variations of SST,as well as in the stratification and in variable positions of tidal fronts.     

Northern Adriatic Rocky Reef Fishes at Low Winter Temperatures

Abstract. The behavioural ecology of certain northern Adriatic fishes was observed from January to April at a water temperature of 7–11 ^oC. The fishes studied here do not migrate to deeper waters. Most of the benthic fishes show a similar distribution over the substrate in winter and in summer; in winter, however, they are very inactive and hide in the substrate. Suprabenthic fishes aggregate in littoral caves where they form dense, inactive, mixed aggregations. Certain hemipelagic and pelagic fishes join to form very dense aggregations at specific sites in the open waters of bays. Littoral predators display high feeding activity at a time when their prey is inactive. I present a hypothesis concerning possible implications of seasonally cyclic environmental temperatures for a sympatric community of non-migrating fishes.