对GB／T 19001—1994 idt ISO9001：1994标准的浅解和探讨

文章是对ＩＳＯ９００１标准精神的一些理解，并对该标准中一些条文规定展开讨论。     

A modified ISBA surface scheme for modeling the hydrology of Athabasca River Basin with GCM-scale data

A soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer model (SVAT), interactions between the soil–biosphere–atmosphere (ISBA) of Météo France, is modified and applied to the Athabasca River Basin (ARB) to model its water and energy fluxes. Two meteorological datasets are used: the archived forecasts from the Meteorological Survey of Canada’s Global Environmental Multiscale Model (GEM) and the European Centre for Mid-range Weather Forecasts global re-analysis (ERA-40), representing spatial scales typical of a weather forecasting model and a global circulation model (GCM), respectively. The original treatment of soil moisture and rainfall in ISBA (OISBA) is modified to statistically account for sub-grid heterogeneity of soil moisture and rainfall to produce new, highly non-linear formulations for surface and sub-surface runoff (MISBA). These new formulations can be readily applied to most existing SVATs. Stand alone mode simulations using the GEM data demonstrate that MISBA significantly improves streamflow predictions despite requiring two fewer parameters than OISBA. Simulations using the ERA-40 data show that it is possible to reproduce the annual variation in monthly, mean annual, and annual minimum flows at GCM scales without using downscaling techniques. Finally, simulations using a simple downscaling scheme show that the better performance of higher resolution datasets can be primarily attributed to improved representation of local variation of land cover, topography, and climate.     

姑婆山复式岩体的基本特征及其与成矿作用的关系

姑婆山复式岩体由晚侏罗世里松岩体、姑婆山岩体及早白垩世新路岩体组成。复式岩体为壳幔混合源成因。据岩石地球化学判断和分析,姑婆山岩体和新路岩体为含锡岩体;整个姑婆山复式岩体为含钨岩体,里松岩体和姑婆山岩体为含稀有、稀土岩体。上述矿产的形成与岩石中挥发份F、B及放射性U、T h等元素的高含量有关。     

沧州区域深层地下水水质现状初步分析

沧州地处河北省东部,地表水资源比较匮乏,近几年降水量偏少,进入境内的河道径流逐年减少且污染严重。为支撑沧州经济的发展和生活的需要,只能开采深层地下水,尤其以开采深层地下水第III含水组为主。究竞沧州深层地下水的质量如何,成为各级领导和群众关注的焦点,根据近年来的实测资料,对第III含水组水质进行了系统分析,基本摸清了第III含水组地下水水质现状,更有利于对地下水的开发利用与保护。     

南黄海辐射沙洲主要潮沟的变迁

利用1966年和1977年海图、1995年和2000年合成孔径雷达影像,结合1980年以来的陆地卫星影像和2000年的岸滩实测剖面资料对南黄海辐射沙洲区主要潮沟的位置进行了解译与分析,得出上述4个时期研究区内主要潮沟深泓线位置图。对不同时期潮沟深泓线位置图进行几何校准与叠加,对比潮沟深泓线的迁移。结果表明：潮沟具有往返周期性摆动的特点,短期摆动速度明显快于长期摆动,主沟槽最大变动速度达127m／a,而支沟槽变动速度更大。潮沟摆动与沙洲变化有明显的相关性,但两者间的关系较为复杂。辐射沙洲目前处于破碎、萎缩阶段,除沙洲中心及陆岸岸滩仍有淤积外,大部分沙洲处于侵蚀状况,同时沙洲有整体向陆迁移的趋势。     

CHANGES OF RIVER BED PATTERN OF A LOWLAND RIVER: EFFECT OF NATURAL PROCESSES OR ANTHROPOGENIC INTERVENTION?

GPR and aerial surveys were conducted to study changes of channel pattern in the lower course of the Obra River (western Poland). The river is an example of an intensive anthropogenic transformation, however, the origin of the river pattern changes in its lower course is not obvious. The GPR measurements were done using a georadar MALÅ ProEx equipped with a shielded 250 MHz antenna. A 3D analysis of the GPR data supported with lithologic information indicated traces of a multi‐channel pattern. A variable orientation of sediment layering within channel bars and differences in channels depth and width pointed to changes of direction of the river bed migration. Analysis of aerial photographs and a satellite image indicated that only a few of the channels inferred from GPR could be discerned. The reason could be the more than 1 m thick fine sands layer covering all the alluvial structures. Analysis of historical maps from the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries showed that 250 years ago the Obra was a meandering river. The maps illustrate also several meander cutoffs and decreased wetlands surface. The following transformations of the river bed pattern were discerned: 1. From braided to meandering channel pattern which could be a natural process caused by climatic and sediment transport rate changes that was also observed in case of other lowland rivers. 2. From meandering to sinuous pattern with channel islands and then to sinuous with oxbow lakes. However, further research is needed to study reasons and timing of the observed changes.     

墨西哥湾“深水地平线”溢油事故处理研究进展

2010年4月20日美国墨西哥湾"深水地平线"石油钻井平台发生爆炸,并引发大火,致使大量的原油(~500万桶)在深海(~1 500m)泄露,这场灾难造成了巨大的环境和经济损失,也对石油开采业的发展产生了负面影响。文中综述了此次事故溢出石油的总量,泄露速率以及测量相关数据中所涉及的技术及方法,对进一步研究溢油转移的趋势和转化过程具有指导意义。喷洒了6.6×106 L的消油剂,消油剂可以促使溢油的快速分散,同时也会给海洋生态系统造成一定的影响。该事故对墨西哥湾的植被和海洋生物有不同程度的影响,如沼泽植被、海水中的浮游动/植物、鱼类、贝类、珊瑚虫、迁徙鸟类,甚至是墨西哥湾大型底栖生物。此次溢油事故涉及各种不同的环境情况,为研究石油烃降解菌在溢油转移和降解过程中种群和群落的变化提供了一个独特的机会,消油剂处理过的溢油转化机理以及微生物降解过程中生物表面活性剂的产生与生物标志物以及微生物菌落的变化之间的关系,仍需要进一步的深入研究和探讨。     

黄河中上游能源基地区岩溶大泉衰减原因、变化趋势及其防治对策

黄河中上游地区,自黄河青铜峡,经内蒙准格尔、山西、陕西两省至河南西部,为我国最重要的以煤炭资源为主的能源基地。随着能源基地的建设和开发,区域岩溶地下水水位连年持续下降,岩溶泉水流量衰减,引起了一系列环境地质问题,如水质恶化、生态退化等。本文从能源基地岩溶泉流量衰减问题入手,研究了能源基地区岩溶泉水流量衰减问题,提出了开展水土保持工作、合理控制地下水的开采、搞好矿坑水的综合利用及污水处理资源化等相应的防治对策。      

阿拉善地块北缘雅干花岗岩体地球化学、地质年代学及其对区域构造演化制约

位于阿拉善北部中蒙边境地区的雅干花岗岩体以二长花岗岩为主,岩体的锆石离子探针U-Pb年龄为283.2±2.2Ma (n=14,MSWD=0.016).该花岗岩体具有相对较低的SiO2含量(66.96％～70.71％),和较高的A12O3(15.05％～16.05％)和(Na2O+ K2O)含量(7.24％～9.19％),且岩体钠含量稍高(Na2O/K2O＞1).雅干花岗岩体总体上表现为高钾钙碱性及偏铝质-过铝质的特征.岩体稀土元素总合量为101.9×10-6～133.1 ×1O-6,在稀土元素配分模式图中,岩体表现为轻-重稀土元素中等程度-强烈分异,同时具有明显的负Eu异常(δEu =0.59 ～0.77);在微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图中,岩体表现为亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti,富集Ba、Rb、Cs、Th、K等大离子亲石元素;岩体同位素特征则表现为具有高的(87 Sr/86 Sr)i值(0.707654 ～0.710235)以及负εNd(t)值.根据雅干花岗岩体的形成时代、地球化学特征以及相关的沉积建造特征,可推断该岩体形成于后碰撞环境,表明古亚洲洋在阿拉善地块北缘北部地区的分支于早二叠世(283.2 ±2.2Ma)之前已经闭合.     

雷电定位系统与人工观测雷暴日数统计比较

为了利用雷电定位系统 (lightning location system,LLS) 资料统计人工观测雷暴日数,采用湖北省2007—2012年LLS监测资料,选取25个气象站为圆心,统计其不同监测半径 (r) 圆区域内LLS监测的雷电日数,并与人工观测雷暴日数进行比较。结果表明:r≤7 km时,LLS监测平均年雷电日数小于人工观测平均年雷暴日数;r≥8 km时, LLS监测平均年雷电日数大于人工观测平均年雷暴日数;r=22 km圆区域内年平均雷电日数可替代最大年雷暴日数。根据r=7 km,r=8 km圆区域内LLS监测的年雷电日数、年平均地闪密度资料,分别采用直接替代法、地闪密度法和该文提出的二元法计算年雷暴日数,结果显示:二元法效果最好。二元法计算的2007—2012年25个站平均年雷暴日数与人工观测相等,平均差异为7.4%;二元法计算的2013年年雷暴日数与人工观测相差0.8 d,平均差异为12.3%。