花岗岩残积土桩基施工中的问题及解决办法

文章总结了梧州市常用的沉管灌注桩、钻孔灌注桩和人工挖孔桩在以花岗岩残积土为桩基持力层时施工中的特点及容易出现的问题 ,并提出相应的解决办法     

Effect of reclamation time and land use on soil properties in Changjiang River Estuary,China

The objective of this study is to analyze soil physical and chemical properties,soil comprehensive functions and impact factors after different years of reclamation.Based on the survey data taken from 216 soil sampling points in the Fengxian Reclamation Area of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary,China in April 2009 and remotely sensed TM data in 2006,while by virtue of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA),geo-statistical analysis (GA),prin-cipal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA),it was concluded that:1) With the in-crease in reclamation time,soil moisture,soil salinity,soil electric conductivity and soil particle size tended to decline,yet soil organic matter tended to increase.Soil available phosphorous tended to increase in the early reclamation period,yet it tended to decline after about 49 years of reclamation.Soil nitrate nitrogen,soil ammonia nitrogen and pH changed slightly in different reclamation years.Soil physical and chemical properties reached a steady state after about 30 years of reclamation.2) According to the results of PCA analysis,the weighted value (0.97 in total) that represents soil nutrient factors (soil nitrate nitrogen,soil organic matter,soil available phosphorous,soil ammonia nitrogen,pH and soil particle size) were higher than the weighted value (0.48 in total) of soil limiting factors (soil salinity,soil elec-tric conductivity and soil moisture).The higher the F value is,the better the soil quality is.3) Different land use types play different roles in the soil function maturity process,with farmlands providing the best contribution.4) Soil physi-cal and chemical properties in the reclamation area were mainly influenced by reclamation time,and then by land use types.The correlation (0.1905) of the composite index of soil function (F) with reclamation time was greater than that with land use types (-0.1161).     

土壤侵蚀危险度的计算与影响因子分析——以福建安溪红壤水土流失区为例

随着国家对生态环境的重视和水土保持科学的发展,有关土壤侵蚀危险性评价的研究越来越重要。本文对土壤侵蚀危险度评价的一般方法进行了改进。首先,分析了安溪县各强度等级的土壤侵蚀在高程、坡度、土地利用类型和土壤类型的面积分布情况,计算了不同高程带、不同坡度、不同土地利用类型和土壤类型的土壤侵蚀综合指数然后,以各影响因子的土壤侵蚀综合指数为权重,计算了不同侵蚀影响因子在安溪县各子流域的土壤侵蚀危险度,既避免了权重确定的主观性,又保证了土壤侵蚀危险度的计算适合当地的实际情况,从而明确了各子流域土壤侵蚀发生的可能程度最后,依据土壤侵蚀危险度和土壤侵蚀强度的分布规律,对整个研究区进行了水土保持分区,提出了治理方向。     

湖北省水土保持动态监测Web GIS系统的设计及实现

利用Web GIS技术建立大区域的水土保持动态监测系统需要解决海量数据处理与显示、多源数据集成、大型数据库支持、桌面地图排版与专题图制作等技术问题，这里介绍的“湖北省水土保持动态监测Web GIS系统”有效地解决了建立实用型水土保持动态监测Web GIS系统所面临的一些共性问题。     

西北地区土壤资源特征及其开发利用与保护

在分析西北地区土壤分布规律的基础上,研究了不同类型区土壤的资源特征及其在开发利用中存在的问题,认为黄土地区土壤土质疏松、粉砂含量高、富含碳酸钙是水土流失的物质基础;干旱区广为分布的荒漠土壤资源的性能低劣、绿洲区水土资源的利用比例失调是造成土地荒漠化、土壤盐渍化的根本原因;而高原土壤的粗骨性、土层浅薄、有效肥力低则加速了草场的退化和沙漠化.提出了西北地区土壤资源的合理利用与生态环境保护相协调的途经,即搞好农田基本建设,采用旱作技术节水和合理用水,扩大林草植被,保护天然草场和林木.并认为西北土壤资源的开发利用要在充分发挥其生产潜力的同时,首先应遵循生态规律,开发与保护并重,防止土壤资源衰竭和破坏.     

土壤含水量对桉树幼苗生长及生物量分配的影响

以尾叶桉U6无性系为研究材料,盆栽于土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的100%(Ⅰ)、80%(Ⅱ,CK)、60%(Ⅲ)和40%(Ⅳ)条件下30 d,研究不同土壤含水量对桉树幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响.结果表明:不同土壤含水量显著影响桉树幼苗的生长和生物量分配.与对照组相比,60%和40%土壤含水量下桉树幼苗的株高、地径、叶片数、叶面积、根长和侧根数分别减少37.8%、33.6%、52.1%、68.9%、44.0%、37.5%和44.4%、40.4%、60.8%、77.5%、51.6%、48.9% ;总生物量、根、茎、叶生物量分别减少53 .5%、22.4%、57.9%、62.0%和63.9%、26.2%、59.7%、78.9% .100%土壤含水量下上述各项指标值均有所增加,说明桉树幼苗仍有一定增长潜力,然其水分利用效率不高,生产上不实用.水分亏缺使桉树幼苗倾向于将更多的资源分配给根系生长,增大根/茎比,降低其利用价值.     

Comprehensive tests on rising height of capillary water for coarse grained soil

According to the comprehensive tests on the rising height of capillary water for seven kinds of different coarse grained soil by use of the method of standpipe,the relationship between the rising height of capillary water and time was obtained,and the influencing factors and rules were analyzed.The data of the steady rising height of capillary water were obtained,and the regression equation of coarse grained soil on steady height and physical indexes(effective grain d 10 and porosity n) was found.Compared with Hazen’s and other expressions that could estimate the steady height of capillary water of coarse grained soil,the proposed method is satisfactory and the defects of the latter were pointed out.     

农田表面粗糙度参数的测量与精度分析

表面粗糙度是有效解释雷达后向散射系数和微波辐射亮度温度的关键参数之一。表面粗糙度参数的测量精度受到测量方法、测量仪器、数据预处理等的影响,如何获取到表面粗糙度的"真"值是地表粗糙度测量急需解决的问题,并且有助于提高利用微波遥感技术反演地表参数的能力。本文利用激光扫描仪的二维高度数据和蒙特卡罗方法模拟的一维表面高度数据,分析了重复采样次数、采样间隔、采样剖面长度、空间自相关函数类型和大尺度结构(数据倾斜和农田垄行结构)对表面粗糙度精度的影响,研究表明:在大于20次重复采样、小于10mm的采样间隔、200倍相关长度的剖面长度的条件下,农田表面粗糙度参数的测量精度约为80%;分形相关函数与实测农田表面的空间自相关系数的吻合性要高于高斯函数和指数函数;数据倾斜和农田垄行结构严重影响表面粗糙度参数的结果,在进行表面粗糙度参数的计算之前,需从剖面高度分布数据中去除以上两个因素的影响。     

东营市湿地资源分布及地质环境脆弱性评价

通过遥感解译、水土样测试、环境地质调查,从地表水、坑塘水、平原水库、浅层地下水、土壤环境的质量评价入手,查明了东营市湿地的分布现状,分析湿地演变与地质环境条件之间的相关性,构建东营湿地地质环境脆弱性评价体系并进行了脆弱性评价,为促进湿地生态系统与区域地质环境协调发展提供科学依据。     

Impacts of soil fauna on litter decomposition at different succession stages of wetland in Sanjiang Plain, China

Litter decomposition is the key process in nutrient recycling and energy flow. The present study examined the impacts of soil fauna on decomposition rates and nutrient fluxes at three succession stages of wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, China using different mesh litterbags. The results show that in each succession stage of wetland, soil fauna can obviously increase litter decomposition rates. The average contribution of whole soil fauna to litter mass loss was 35.35%. The more complex the soil fauna group, the more significant the role of soil fauna. The average loss of three types of litter in the 4mm mesh litterbags was 0.3–4.1 times that in 0.058mm ones. The decomposition function of soil fauna to litter mass changed with the wetland succession. The average contribution of soil fauna to litter loss firstly decreased from 34.96% (Carex lasiocapa) to 32.94% (Carex meyeriana), then increased to 38.16% (Calamagrostics angustifolia). The contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition rates vary according to the litter substrata, soil fauna communities and seasons. Significant effects were respectively found in August and July on C. angustifolia and C. lasiocapa, while in June and August on C. meyeriana. Total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents and the C/N and C/P ratios of decaying litter can be influenced by soil fauna. At different wetland succession stages, the effects of soil fauna on nutrient elements also differ greatly, which shows the significant difference of influencing element types and degrees. Soil fauna communities strongly influenced the TC and TP concentrations of C. meyeriana litter, and TP content of C. lasiocapa. Our results indicate that soil fauna have important effects on litter decomposition and this influence will vary with the wetland succession and seasonal variation. Foundation item: Under the auspices of State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (No. 2009CB421103), Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40830535/D0101), Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-BR-16, KSCX2-YW-N-46-06)