Railroad bed bearing strength in the period of thawing and methods of its enhancement

The practice of building and operating of railroad beds shows that the greatest at enuation of soils occurs in the spring, during their transition from the frozen to thawed state. The greatest influenc...     

Evaluation of the damage in fish spermatozoa cryopreservation

Cryodamages occur during sperm cryopreservation. Cryopreservation of fish sperm usually results in marked decrease in sperm quality, such as swelling or disruption of the plasma membrane, mitochondrial dysfunction, diminished sperm motility, impaired velocity, shorter motility period, denaturation, and release of some enzymes from spermatozoa. In this paper, damages in morphology, physiology, biochemistry and metabolism, and genetic integrity of fish semen after cryopreservation are discussed. New approaches in assessment of fish thawed sperm quality such as computer assisted sperm analysis, flow cytometic analysis combined with fluorescent probes and single cell gel electrophoresis are also briefly reviewed.     

Seasonal changes in runoff characteristics on a permafrost watershed in the southern mountainous region of eastern Siberia

We attempted to clarify the runoff characteristics of a permafrost watershed in the southern mountainous region of eastern Siberia using hydrological and meteorological data obtained by the State Hydrological Institute in Russia from 1976 to 1985. We analysed seasonal changes in the direct runoff ratio and recession gradient during the permafrost thawing period. Thawing depth began to increase from the beginning of May and continued to increase until the end of September, exceeding 150 cm. Annual precipitation and discharge were in the range 525–649 mm and 205–391 mm respectively. The sum of the annual evapotranspiration and changes in water storage ranged from 235 to 365 mm. The mean daily evapotranspiration in June, July, August and September was 1·5 mm day^?1, 1·7 mm day^?1, 1·5 mm day^?1, and 0·5 mm day^?1 respectively. The direct runoff ratio was highest in June, decreasing from 0·8 in June to 0·2 in September. The recession gradient also decreased from June to September. Since the frozen soil functioned as an impermeable layer, the soil water storage capacity in the thawing part of the soil, the depth of which changed over time, controlled the runoff characteristics. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冻融作用对垃圾填埋场防渗层性能的影响

建立系列模拟实验研究了冻融作用对垃圾填埋场防渗层防渗和去污性能的影响。实验结果表明：冻融作用对垃圾填埋场防渗层有一定的破坏作用,对渗透系数和污染物的去除能力均有重要影响;冻融前的渗透系数均低于国家标准（1.0×10^-7 cm/s）,冻融后防渗层的渗透系数增加2～6倍;防渗层对COD、Cl^-和NH⁺₄的去除率分别从冻融前的68.6%、31.6％和70.5％变为86.2%、18.2％和23.0％。     

冻融过程对黑土水稳性团聚体含量影响

以黑土为试验材料,通过室内模拟试验,研究了冻融过程中含水量、温度、循环次数等因素对黑土团聚体稳定性的影响.结果表明:田间持水量(40%)时的冻融过程增强团聚体稳定性,含水量过高或过低均破碎团聚体,特别是高含水量(70%);冻结温度对团聚体稳定性也有显著影响,含水量条件是适宜冻结温度的先决条件;随冻融循环次数增加(1次、7次和14次)各级团聚体含量(>0.5mm)、团聚体总量和平均重量直径降低.在此基础上,针对含水量对团聚体稳定性效应的研究争议,提出冻融过程团聚体稳定性的土壤水气矛盾统一体假设.建议在黑土冻结前,调节土壤含水量至田间持水量,从而保持和改善土壤物理结构.     

月球第谷区域内“冻融地貌”的发现

随着月球探测的不断深入,月球上是否有水或水冰的存在已引起开展行星和月球研究的科学家们的高度关注。以往的研究多偏重于仪器的探测,以及极少量的样品测试分析,结果并不令人满意。我们通过对月球高分辨率的卫星影像资料的详细解析,从水和水冰形成的特有的地貌类型——冻融地貌入手,发现月球上存在大量由冻融作用产生的与地球相似的"冻融地貌"类型,主要有:冻融泥流、冻胀丘、冻胀脊、冻胀裂隙、热融塌陷、热融滑坡等,并且以哥白尼纪的第谷月坑及周边保留最多、最好和最完整。这些"冻融地貌"的发现,对探讨月球上是否曾经存在水或水冰,以及进一步开展月球形成演化等科学问题的研究具有重要意义。     

Soil frost effects on streamflow recessions in a subarctic catchment

The Arctic is warming rapidly. Changing seasonal freezing and thawing cycles of the soil are expected to affect river run‐off substantially, but how soil frost influences river run‐off at catchment scales is still largely unknown. We hypothesize that soil frost alters flow paths and therefore affects storage–discharge relations in subarctic catchments. To test this hypothesis, we used an approach that combines meteorological records and recession analysis. We studied streamflow data (1986–2015) of Abiskojokka, a river that drains a mountainous catchment (560 km²) in the north of Sweden (68° latitude). Recessions were separated into frost periods (spring) and no‐frost periods (summer) and then compared. We observed a significant difference between recessions of the two periods: During spring, discharge was linearly related to storage, whereas storage–discharge relationships in summer were less linear. An analysis of explanatory factors showed that after winters with cold soil temperatures and low snowpack, storage–discharge relations approached linearity. On the other hand, relatively warm winter soil conditions resulted in storage–discharge relationships that were less linear. Even in summer, relatively cold antecedent winter soils and low snowpack levels had a propagating effect on streamflow. This could be an indication that soil frost controls recharge of deep groundwater flow paths, which affects storage–discharge relationships in summer. We interpret these findings as evidence for soil frost to have an important control over river run‐off dynamics. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing significant catchment‐integrated effects of soil frost on this spatiotemporal scale.     

多次冻融后格栅加筋黏土路堤工作性能分析

利用多次冻融后加筋黏土路堤相关试验参数对其进行有限元计算, 确定了加筋黏土结构各初始因素对其工作性能的影响规律, 并利用ABAQUS有限元计算软件对各种计算条件下的位移和应力进行求解, 确定了冻融循环后位移和应力的最大值. 结果显示: 增加加筋黏土路堤中的格栅层数可以减小冻融后加筋路堤的竖向和水平位移及土体剪应力最大值, 且格栅层数的增加对土体变形的影响强于对土体剪应力值的影响. 土体压实度的增大可以减小加筋路堤的竖向和水平位移, 同时引起土中剪应力数值的增大; 土体初始含水率的减小可以减小加筋路堤的竖向和水平位移, 同时引起土中剪应力数值的减小.     

多年冻土区路基分层变形现场观测研究

在人类工程活动和气候变暖的双重作用下,多年冻土区的道路路基普遍产生以路基下沉为主的病害．多年冻土地区的路基沉降涉及多个物理力学过程：未冻土的蠕变,冻土上限下降所产生的融沉,由于多年冻土层升温而产生的高温冻土的蠕变,以及活动层中冻融循环改变了土的工程性质而导致的附加沉降变形．为了进一步探索各个物理力学过程对总沉降量贡献,...     

横穿贝加尔湖铁路路基的冻胀性研究

The paper features the results of field measurements and numerical research of embankment behaviour in permafrost soils of Transbaikalia railway section following implementation of preventive works to eliminate action of heaving forces on the main area of embankment subgrade.