黄河宁蒙河段封河和开河预报方法初探

利用气象和水文等实测资料，在系统地分析黄河上游宁蒙河段凌汛特征及物理成因的基础上，选取与封、开河预报因子密切相关的因素进行统计分析发现：影响封河最主要因素是气温的变化，旬平均温度〈-5℃，河流封冻；开河无确定的临界气温指标，而与隆冬1—2月累积负积温有明显负相关性。利用车贝雪夫多项式展开得到预报因子，采用数理统计逐步回归分析方法进行分析计算，分别建立了宁蒙河段封、开河日趋势统计预报模型。预报结果验证具有较好的预报效果。     

青藏高原多年冻土区热融滑塌发育特征及规律

在全球气候变暖和高原多年冻土持续退化的背景下,青藏高原多年冻土区热融滑塌现象普遍发育,其形成不仅影响区域生态环境,还可能威胁工程构筑物的稳定性。本文在多年野外调查工作的基础上,结合遥感及历史气象资料对青藏高原多年冻土区热融滑塌的诱发因素、分布特征及演化过程进行了分析。结果表明：冻土活动层滑脱的发生是诱发青藏高原多年冻土区热融滑塌的主要因素,其次为工程扰动和湖水的热侵蚀;活动层滑脱型热融滑塌的发育过程主要包括冻土活动层滑脱的发生、后缘坍塌后退及坡面泥流的形成等三个阶段,热融滑塌形成以后其溯源侵蚀过程将持续数年甚至十几年直到后缘位置地下冰含量明显减少或者消失为止;在空间分布方面,热融滑塌更倾向于分布在坡度较为平缓（3°~8°）的丘陵山地及山麓区域的阴坡一侧;近年来青藏高原多年冻土区热融滑塌呈剧烈增多的趋势,且这种骤增现象主要发生在有极端气温出现的特殊年份,并不是均匀的分布在每一年。研究成果对未来青藏高原工程规划、资源开发及环境协调发展具有重要的指导意义。     

Mélanges and other types of block-in-matrix formations in the Cantabrian Zone (Variscan Orogen,northwest Spain): origin and significance

Block-in-matrix formations in the Variscan foreland of Spain (Cantabrian Zone) occur in two different geological settings. The major block-in-matrix formations are mélanges, which appear as carpets beneath or ahead of submarine thrust systems. These mélanges may reach up to kilometric thickness and are mostly composed of broken formations (boudinaged sequences) of late Carboniferous age and scattered ‘exotic’ blocks derived from older Palaeozoic formations. Moreover, the mélanges in the Cantabrian Zone also include subordinate debris flow deposits with a chaotic block-in-matrix fabric (olistostromes). The source of the mélange blocks was the front of advancing nappes, chiefly the upper part of the nappe stacks. Therefore, the Cantabrian mélanges are interpreted as originated through submarine sliding and slumping associated with steep slopes at the orogenic front. The different types of rock bodies of these mélanges may be related to the degree of lithification of the sediments or rocks during slumping. So, broken formations are boudinaged sequences where the boudins or blocks resulted from extensional faults developed in lithified or semilithified limestones and sandstones, whereas the unlithified muddy matrix underwent continuous deformation. The scattered ‘exotic’ blocks ranging in age from early Cambrian to early Carboniferous were incorporated into the mélanges as individual blocks from competent well-lithified formations, originally located in the lower part of the nappe stacks. Although the Cantabrian Zone mélanges include olistostromic intervals, most of the olistostromes of this zone occur in a different geological setting. They are usually intercalated in the normal marine deposits of the Variscan foreland basin and, in contrast to the mélanges, they are mostly related to the margins of carbonate platforms, ahead of moving nappes. Finally, other instances of olistostromes are related to slopes generated by limb rotation of growth folds, which developed on submarine wedge-top successions.     

甘肃省公路沿线典型地段含盐量对冻胀盐胀特性影响的试验研究

季节冻土区含盐土公路路基在季节性冻胀、盐胀和融沉作用下,发生大量的道路病害,给道路的安全运营带来了严重的隐患。在考察大量现场道路病害的基础上,针对甘肃省季节冻土区公路沿线盐渍化道路病害比较严重的地段,选取几种典型的盐渍土进行室内冻融循环试验来研究它们在周期波动温度条件下冻胀、盐胀和融沉特性,进一步探讨盐渍土地区道路病害产生的机制。试验结果发现,含盐量对路基土冻胀、融沉和盐胀等变形过程有明显的影响,不同的含盐量路基土膨胀机制不同。含盐量较高的土体,变形主要由盐胀引起,没有明显的融沉变形;含盐量较低的路基土,变形主要由冻胀和融沉引起,可能存在盐胀;对于无盐但冻胀敏感性路基土,其变形主要由冻胀和融沉引起。另外,开放系统下盐渍土反复冻融循环后含水率重新分布,含水率普遍增加,且形成了两端含水率高、中间低的现象。     

Frost sorting on slopes by needle ice: A laboratory simulation on the effect of slope gradient

Following a previous attempt to reproduce miniature sorted patterns on a level surface, we report the results of a full‐scale laboratory simulation on frost sorting produced by needle ice activity on inclined surfaces. Four models, with different slope gradients (5°, 7°, 9°, 11°), were designed. Stones 6 mm in diameter placed in a grid covered 20% of the surface of frost‐susceptible water‐saturated soil. These models were subjected to 20–40 freeze–thaw cycles between 10°C and ?5°C in 12 hours. The evolution of surface patterns was visually traced by photogrammetry. Needle ice growth and collapse induced downslope movement and concentrations of stones. A model produced incipient sorted circles on a 5° slope, whereas it resulted in three distinct sorted stripes on a 7° slope. The average diameter or spacing of these forms is 9.7–19.4 cm, comparable to those in the field dominated by diurnal freeze–thaw cycles. Surface parallel displacements of stone markers were traced with motion analysis software. The observed downslope stone displacements agree with those expected assuming that surface soil and stones move by repeated heaving perpendicular to the surface and vertical settlement due to gravity, although the growth of curved needle adds complexity to the overall displacements. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土高原北部坍窑灾害的形成机理分析

对黄土高原北部黄土坍窑灾害的调查和室内试验分析表明,在该区不断发生的坍窑灾害实际上是黄土边坡滑塌的一种表现形式,其分布与黄土颗粒成分变化的地带性密切相关,坍窑灾害的形成主要受黄土本身的物质组成、结构及力学性质控制。本文在实例剖析的基础上,分析了黄土坍窑灾害的形成机理,并提出了针对性的防治对策。     

黄河源区冻融地质作用及其生态环境地质特征

0引言 黄河源区位于青藏高原腹地的青海省青南高原内部,地处青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站以西,各式各雅山以东,东昆仑山东延中列布青山南麓和南列巴颜喀拉山中段之北地区,面积约20 930km2,海拔均在4 200m以上,属无冰川分布的多年冻土区.     

大兴安岭北部多年冻土地区路基沉陷研究

通过对该区４个路段１２个断面为期３ａ的路基沉陷观测并结合线路普查和分析表明,多年冻土路基稳定性与地基的水、热状况密切相关,受自然环境和人为因素的制约。合理布线、保护植被、改善排水、合理确定路基高度以及设置护坡、基底反铺塔头、采用土工聚合材料和无基管涵结构等,是保持该地区路基稳定的有效措施。     

黄山光明顶雪,雨凇和雾凇的气候特征研究

本文用黄山1956—1996年气象资料,比较详细地分析讨论黄山雪、雨凇和雾凇的气候特征,结果表明：（1）年降雪日数、雨凇日数和雾凇日数均为一多波振动的时间演变规律,年际变化具有阶段性,并存在准12年周期的低频振荡。（2）10月到次年5月都有降雪、积雪、雨凇和雾凇出现,冬季出现日数最多;3月比冬季略少,但雨凇日数多于12月．（3）降雪最早初日为9月17日,最迟终日5月26日;积雪、雨凇和雾凇最早初日在10月,最迟终日在5月上、中旬。（4）日最大纯降雪量为30．0mm,出现在3月中旬;电线积冰量大重量为12148g／m,出现在12月。（5）雨凇保持阶段的气温在-4．5—0．8℃之间,比雾凇和雨雾凇高,次数按风向分布也无明显差异;雾凇和雨雾凇在NW风向附近次数最多。     

大兴安岭北部霍拉河盆地季节融化层的研究

大兴安岭北部霍拉河盆地季节融化层的特征受气温的控制,并随地面条件、含水量和土质的不同而变化。最大季节融化深度,在土类相同时,裸露的比有植被和雪盖的深0.4—0.5m;土类不同时,卵砾石的最大,碎石亚粘土、亚粘土和草炭亚粘土的分别为卵砾石的0.65、0.5和0.4倍。年平均地温为-0.1℃的季节融化层比年平均地温为0——0.5℃的约提前2—3个月消失。回冻融化层中的地下冰与青藏高原相比,不甚发育,冻土构造主要呈整体状、微层状和裂隙状。