Parametric study for optimal design of large piled raft foundations on sand

In designing piled raft foundations, controlling the total and differential settlements as well as the induced bending moments of the raft is crucial. The majority of piled raft foundations have been designed by placing piles uniformly. In such a design method, the settlements of the piled rafts are likely to be large, which leads to an increase of the pile length and/or number of piles required to reduce the settlements. However, this increase does not satisfy the requirement for economical design. On the basis of a parametric study, this paper contributes a framework for considering an economical design methodology in which piles are placed more densely beneath the column positions when the piled raft is subjected to column loads. The analysis uses PLAXIS 3D software, and the validity of the parametric study is examined through the results of centrifuge model tests conducted by the authors. The study shows that the concentrated pile arrangement method can help to considerably reduce the total and differential settlements as well as the induced bending moments of the raft. Moreover, the effects of parameters, such as pile length, pile number, raft thickness and load types, on the piled raft behavior are investigated. This study can help practicing engineers choose pile and raft parameters in combination with the concentrated pile arrangement method to produce an economical design.     

学科树视角下地理学和建筑学人居环境研究比较

本文从学科树视角比较分析地理学和建筑学的人居环境研究进展。首先,梳理研究脉络,指出两个学科具有相同的“树根”（即五大系统和五大层次）、“树干”（即九大主题和八大尺度）和“树枝”（即33个研究领域）,以及相异的“树叶”（即各领域数量迥异的研究成果）。其次,比较研究成果特点,发现两个学科成果差异明显,表现为在适宜性等6个二级主题上,地理学成果较多,建筑学成果较少;在规划等6个二级主题和建筑尺度上,建筑学成果较多,地理学成果较少;在空间格局等12个二级主题和城市等6个尺度上,两个学科成果均较多,但侧重点不同;在行为二级主题和全球尺度上,两个学科成果均较少,但侧重点不同。最后,剖析学科成果差异的生成逻辑,并展望未来进路。学科成果差异的逻辑起点是学科门类差异,逻辑链条是“学科门类—学科特性—研究主体—研究偏好—研究范式—研究成果”的差异传导机制,其中研究范式差异是链条中的重要环节。未来人居环境研究应促进框架延伸化、主题展拓化、尺度统筹化、数据多源化、方法混合化等范式提升,同时回应全球化、美好人居、突发事件、跨学科等现实需求。     

高速铁路沉降数据处理与评估系统设计与实现

详述了高速铁路沉降观测数据处理与评估系统的设计与实现,重点对系统的设计思想、总体结构、基本功能和主要特点进行了详细叙述。     

Atoll island vulnerability to flooding and inundation revealed by historical reconstruction: Fongafale Islet, Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu

The reef islands formed on coral atolls are generally small, low, and flat, with elevations of only a few meters. These islands are thus highly vulnerable to elevated sea levels caused by extreme events and global warming. Such vulnerability was recently evidenced at Fongafale Islet, the capital of Tuvalu, when it flooded during accelerated spring high tides possibly related to sea level rise caused by global warming. Many factors, not only environmental but also economic and social, determine the vulnerability of an island to sea level rise. In this study, we used data spanning 108 yrs to reconstruct changes in topography, land use/cover, population, and the distribution of buildings at Fongafale Islet. The results indicate that the vulnerability of Fongafale Islet relates to its original landform characteristics: the central part of the island was formerly dominated by swampland that flooded at high tides. Fongafale Islet experienced greater population in-migration and centralization beginning in the 1970s following the independence of Tuvalu and Kiribati. Migrants were also responding to declines in overseas mining operations and limited options for paid employment. As the population increased, construction took place in vulnerable swampland areas. Our results clearly demonstrate that examinations of global environmental issues should focus on characteristics specific to the region of interest. These characteristics should be specified using historical reconstruction to understand and address the vulnerability of an area to global environmental changes.     

Permafrost‐thaw‐induced land‐cover change in the Canadian subarctic: implications for water resources

Climate warming and human disturbance in north‐western Canada have been accompanied by degradation of permafrost, which introduces considerable uncertainty to the future availability of northern freshwater resources. This study demonstrates the rate and spatial pattern of permafrost loss in a region that typifies the southern boundary of permafrost. Remote‐sensing analysis of a 1·0 km² area indicates that permafrost occupied 0·70 km² in 1947 and decreased with time to 0·43 km² by 2008. Ground‐based measurements demonstrate the importance of horizontal heat flows in thawing discontinuous permafrost, and show that such thaw produces dramatic land‐cover changes that can alter basin runoff production in this region. A major challenge to northern water resources management in the twenty‐first century therefore lies in predicting stream flows dynamically in the context of widely occurring permafrost thaw. The need for appropriate water resource planning, mitigation, and adaptation strategies is explained. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the relation between the evolution of natural environment and human factors and the development of urban settlement—Take the Lanzhou Valley Basin as an examples

Lanzhou Valley Basin is composed of two smaller diamond-shaped basins striking from NW to SE and including 6 river terraces. The lower terraces remaining even and smooth are main sites for city buildings. The main function of Lanzhou urban settlement is a ferry and transport centre. Lanzhou used to be an important crossing site and post on the “silk road”, and then became a transport and trade centre in Northwest China. In the middle part of the 17th century, Lanzhou became the capital of Gansu, a new province. The development process of Lanzhou urban settlement indicates that urban settlement is a system consisting of natural environment and human society based on the former.     

Relations between load and settlement of circular foundations on or in a dense sand expressed by a function of diameter and depth

When load acts on a circular foundation on or in a dense sand, average contact pressure on the lower surface of the foundation is q and settlement of the foundation is s. Diameter and depth of the foundation are B and D_f. When the sand, B and D_f are given, we can know the relation between q and s/B by, e.g. a loading test, i.e. the relation is determined by B and D_f for the sand. Using the results of numerical analyses, we express a relation between q and s/B up to s=0.1B by functions of a single variable which is a linear combination of B and D_f. Consequently when two foundations have different B's and different D_f's but have the same value of the variable, the relations are the same. Then we examine whether the functions can express the results of eleven tests of model foundations of wide range of B and/or D_f. In all the tests, the relations are expressed with sufficient accuracy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非等间隔灰色GM(1,1)模型在沉降数据分析中的应用

本文用灰色系统理论的非等间隔模型GM(1,1)对西安市朱雀大厦周边建筑物及地表沉降观测数据进行了建模、分析和预测,并且与传统的回归模型拟合结果进行了比较,比较的结果验证了该灰色模型在建筑物及地表沉降变形分析中的实用性、正确性和有效性。     

人居环境治理视域下地质文化村建设路径研究

地质文化村是脱贫攻坚和乡村振兴背景下衍生出的乡村地质遗迹保护和开发利用相结合的新概念,目前正在全国多地推广设立,现有研究主要集中在内涵分析和规划设计方面,其具体建设过程中缺乏科学的路径参考。本研究从乡村人居环境治理的视角出发,首先,在讨论的基础上将地质文化村归类于人居环境“景区化治理”的一种形式;其次,基于扎根理论的研究方法将筛选的39篇“人居环境治理”主题文献作为研究资料,利用NVivo11对文献内容进行编码,构建了“人居环境治理”主题分析框架;最后,在归纳和借鉴人居环境领域研究成果的基础上,从“响应国家战略”、“建设思路”、“保障措施”“建设手段”四个方面提出了地质文化村的建设路径。     

软土地区双线区间盾构隧道施工对周边地表以及建筑物沉降的影响

研究盾构隧道施工对周围地面以及建筑物沉降造成的影响,是软土地区盾构隧道安全施工和正常运营的基础课题。为了分析宁波轨道交通5号线同德路站—石碶站区间双线盾构隧道施工对周边地表和建筑物的影响,本文在建立盾构隧道动态施工过程三维有限元模型的基础上,基于地表以及建筑物沉降数值模拟结果与现场监测值的对比,分析了隧道开挖对隧道周围地表沉降与建筑物沉降的影响。结果表明,掘进完成时,开挖方向沉降槽往上行线隧道方向偏移、呈现倒梯形形态,横断面影响区域为距离双线隧道轴线中心小于3倍隧道直径;上行线在下行线开挖后并不会增加地表沉降,但增大了沉降槽宽度;下行线到达前产生的沉降占最终累计沉降的67%;当盾构掘进面刚到达建筑物时、建筑物的倾斜方向与盾构掘进方向一致,当盾构掘进面离开建筑物时、建筑物将沿着盾构掘进的反方向倾斜;建筑物两侧沉降值较中部沉降值降低了83%;双线贯通后建筑物沉降呈“U”形分布,最大沉降量发生在远离隧道一侧距建筑物中心0.5 m处。