我国盐湖钾盐资源现状及提钾工艺技术进展

中国是一个农业大国, 钾肥缺口很大。中国又是一个多盐湖的国家, 盐湖中蕴藏着丰富的钾盐资源, 有望解决中国的缺钾问题。中国已经建立了青海察尔汗和新疆罗布泊两个钾肥生产基地, 但还是远远满足不了国内钾肥需求, 70%需要依赖进口。因此, 有必要继续加强钾盐开发研究, 建立新的钾肥生产基地。通过长期攻关, 我国氯化物型和硫酸盐型盐湖形成了比较成熟的提钾工艺路线, 但是, 碳酸盐型盐湖提钾研究刚刚起步。本文对青海察尔汗盐湖和新疆罗布泊盐湖两大中国钾肥生产基地的资源及生产工艺进行了分析研究, 其成功的开发经验可用来指导我国同类型其他盐湖钾资源的开发; 探讨了开发我国碳酸盐型盐湖钾盐的可行之路, 碳酸盐型盐湖通过技术创新, 可以在盐湖现场获得钾肥产品; 指出我国不同水化学类型的盐湖应采取不同的资源利用工艺路线。     

新疆典型干盐湖成钾条件对比与指标模型初探

选取新疆塔里木盆地及准噶尔盆地的2个典型终端干盐湖罗布泊和玛纳斯盐湖,对其成钾条件和模式进行对比分析,分别从盆地地理纬度、构造位置、盆地规模、所处气候带以及区域水文化学特征、盐类矿物组合特征、钾盐富集特征和品位等多个方面进行了研究。罗布泊地区气候干燥指数＞150,补给河流的ρ(K)×10²/ρ(Cl)比值为3.29∶1～5.08∶1,晶间卤水的ρ(K)×10²/ρ(Cl)比值为3.71∶1～6.66∶1,卤水氯化钾品位1.4%,资源量达3.2亿吨。而玛纳斯湖干燥指数为8.63,补给水源的ρ(K)×10²/ρ(Cl)为1.5∶1～12∶1,晶间卤水ρ(K)×10²/ρ(Cl)为0.1∶1～1.6∶1,卤水氯化钾品位0.33%,资源量为37.23万吨。研究结果表明,罗布泊在气候和物源补给上都比玛纳斯湖具有明显优势,有利于形成大型钾盐矿。2个干旱区典型盆地可观察实验的成钾指标对比分析,对于建立蒸发岩盆地成钾指标模型具有重要的参考意义。     

热融湖塘对多年冻土的热影响

以发育于青藏高原多年冻土区的红梁河热融湖塘为例,研究了热融湖塘附近土体的热状态变化特征,以及其对湖岸多年冻土上、下限影响情况.结果表明:热融湖塘侧向热影响改变了热融湖塘下部和周围区域土体的热状态,使周围土体热状态处于动平衡状态,既受热融湖塘的热影响,也受到周围多年冻土的热影响.热融湖塘对周围浅层土体温度和多年冻土上限影响相对较小,但热融湖塘热影响引起了湖岸边缘的多年冻土上限增大和地温升高.热融湖塘对深部土体温度和多年冻土厚度有较大的影响.     

陆相断陷湖盆层序对成岩演化控制作用探讨——以东营箕状断陷湖盆古近系沙河街组为例

以层序地层研究为基础,根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜、镜质体反射率、X衍射及地球化学等分析,对东营凹陷沙河街组层序与成岩的关系进行了系统研究。研究结果表明:不同层序部位具有不同的成岩响应,低位体系域主要发育微晶方解石胶结、硬石膏胶结、黄铁矿胶结等,湖盆扩张体系域主要发育有铁碳酸盐胶结、粘土矿物胶结等;高位体系域主要发育有白云石胶结、铁白云石胶结、溶蚀作用、粘土矿物胶结等;层序界面附近主要发育溶蚀现象和铁碳酸盐岩胶结现象。层序发育过程中,原始水介质条件及元素富集规律是引起早期成岩响应的主要因素,并对早期的成岩物质组分造成强烈影响;讨论了层序对成岩演化的控制作用,主要体现在3个方面:a.层序发育控制了原始成岩组分,进而控制后期成岩改造;b.早期成岩作用对层序发育过程具有一定的响应关系,后期成岩改造掩盖了部分成岩响应;c.层序界面通过河流作用、沉积间断减缓压实作用、后期成岩流体的侵入作用对成岩演化造成影响。     

用于盐湖提锂的聚酰胺复合纳滤膜制备及其性能研究

纳滤膜技术以其环境友好、装置集成度高和智能化控制等优势,在卤水锂资源绿色开发领域具有良好的应用前景。实验通过添加聚乙烯醇对纳滤膜功能层进行改性,考察了聚乙烯醇相对含量对纳滤膜性能的影响。结果表明,聚乙烯醇参与界面聚合反应,纳滤膜功能层O/N比增加,聚乙烯醇分子链间氢键作用降低纳滤膜表面粗糙度。羟基官能团的引入有效改善纳滤膜材料亲水效果,膜面羧基密度随聚乙烯醇相对添加量的增加逐渐增加。聚乙烯醇改性纳滤膜截留效果优异,纳滤膜对镁离子的截留率高于95%,锂离子截留率低于-44%,不可逆通量衰减指数低于15%。聚乙烯醇改性纳滤膜材料具有较好的镁锂分离选择效果及抗污染能力,为用于盐湖卤水镁锂分离国产化纳滤膜材料的开发提供新思路。     

盐湖锂镁分离提取技术国际态势分析

我国盐湖资源丰富,对盐湖中的锂镁资源进行深度开发已经成为开发盐湖资源的研究热点之一。基于ISI WoK Thomson Innovation专利数据库(TI),利用TDA分析工具对盐湖锂镁分离提取技术领域专利文献进行分析,系统揭示盐湖锂镁分离提取技术的研发现状、热点以及技术分布与格局,最后根据分析结果对盐湖锂镁分离提取技术发展提出对策建议。     

Dating of two thermokarst lakes in Beiluhe Basin,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Most of the thermokarst lakes are spread appreciably in Beiluhe Basin,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China,where ice-rich permafrost exists.Two typical thermokarst lakes with differing area and depth were examined to ascertain their age.We obtained lake-bottom samples of 50 cm length from lake BLH-A and 25 cm length from lake BLH-B.Environmental 137 Cs and 210 Pb and radiocarbon age dating techniques were applied to the 50 cm and 25 cm samples,respectively.The results indicate that the initiation of BLH-A is about 800-900 a B.P.,and approximately 1,450±30 a B.P.to 2,230±30 a B.P.for BLH-B.These results will provide scientific bases for sedimentological study and thermokarst activity in Beiluhe Basin.     

Greenland Ice Sheet surface melt: A review

Surface melt has great impacts on the Greenland Ice Sheet （GrlS） mass balance and thereby has become the focus of significant GrlS research in recent years. The production, transport, and release processes of surface meltwater are the keys to understanding the poten- tial impacts of the GrlS surface melt. These hydrological processes can elucidate the following scientific questions： How much melt- water is produced atop the GrlS？ What are the characteristics of the meltwater-formed supraglacial hydrological system？ How does the meltwater influence the GrlS motion？ The GrlS supraglacial hydrology has a number of key roles and yet continues to be poorly understood or documented. This paper summarizes the current understanding of the GrlS surface melt, emphasizing the three essential supraglacial hydrological processes： （1） meltwater production： surface melt modeling is an important approach to acquire surface melt information, and areas, depths, and volumes of supraglacial lakes extracted from remotely sensed imagery can also provide surface melt information; （2） meltwater transport： the spatial distributions of supraglacial lakes, supraglacial sarams, moulins, and crevasses demonstrate the characteristics of the supraglacial hydrological system, revealing the meltwater transport process; and （3） meltwater release： the release of meltwater into the englacial and the subglacial ice sheet has important but undetermined impacts on the GrlS motion. The correlation between surface runoff and the GrlS motion speed is employed to understand these influences.     

Valuation of lake and marsh wetlands ecosystem services in China

Wetlands are highly productive natural ecosystems, providing valuable goods and services. There is growing interest in transferring ecosystem service value from the existing wetlands studied to other wetlands ecosystems at a large geographic scale. The benefit transfer method uses the known values from wetlands to predict the value of other wetland sites. This methodology requires only limited time and resources. The present study calculated the value of the ecological services provided by lake and marsh wetlands in China in terms of biodiversity indices, water quality indices and economic indices. Basic data on wetlands were obtained through remote sensing images. The results show that: 1) The total ecosystem service value of the lake and marsh wetlands in 2008 was calculated to be 8.1841 × 1010 United States Dollars(USD), with the marsh and lake wetlands contributing 5.6329 × 1010 and 2.5512 × 1010 USD, respectively. Values of marsh ecosystem service were concentrated in Heilongjiang Province(2.5516 × 1010 USD), Qinghai Province(1.2014 × 1010 USD), and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(1.1884 × 1010 USD). The value of the lakes were concentrated in Tibet Autonomous Region(6.223 × 109 USD), Heilongjiang(5.810 × 109 USD), and Qinghai(5.500 × 109 USD). 2) Waste treatment and climate regulation services contributed to 26.29% and 24.74% respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the marsh wetlands. Hydrological regulation and waste treatment contributed to 41.39% and 32.75%, respectively, of the total ecosystem service value of the lake wetlands. 3) The total ecological service value of the lake and marsh wetlands was 54.64% of the total service value of natural grassland ecosystems and 30.34% of the total service value of forests ecosystems in China.     

杞麓湖形态时空变化分析及地图可视化

杞麓湖是滇中高原湖泊的典型代表之一,近年来湖泊形态变化频繁且明显。基于2010—2021年的Landsat卫星影像,提取杞麓湖湖泊面积、湖岸线长度以及湖泊质心等数据,并计算出其他湖泊形态特征指标的数值。结合各年湖岸线的具体形态,对所获取数据的变化趋势及其原因进行分析,得出湖泊形态在时间与空间两个维度上的变化特征。根据专题地图制图的理论与规范,运用“形”“数”结合的方法对研究内容进行可视化表达,绘制杞麓湖湖泊形态的专题地图。