Determination of Chlorine Contents in Geological Survey of Japan Reference Materials by Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis

We determined chlorine contents in nine GSJ (Geological Survey of Japan) reference materials (JB-1, 1a, 2, 3; JA-1, 2, 3; JR-1, 2) by prompt gamma neutron activation analysis, employing the standard addition method. Pressed powder disks of each reference material were used for neutron irradiation and gammaray measurement, after known quantities (25-200 μl) of sodium chloride solution were added. The influence of the nearby sodium peak overlap was checked, and fluctuations in the chlorine count rate were corrected using silicon as an internal standard. The slopes of calibration lines for seven reference materials (JB-1, 2, 3; JA-1, 2, 3; JR-2) and SiO₂ powders fall within 5% error, and their chlorine values were obtained from the intercepts. Chlorine contents in JB-1 a and JR-1 were also determined by using the calibration lines. Our chlorine values ranged from 26.1 to 934 μg g-¹, which agrees well with the previously reported values.     

东秦岭陡岭杂岩中存在新太古代物质组成——SHRIMP锆石U—Pb和Sm—Nd年代学证据

出露于豫、陕交界处的陡岭杂岩是秦岭造山带中一个不大的构造岩块 ,它可能是在 1.95～ 2 .10Ga期间由于构造作用将不同时代、不同源区的岩石组合叠置在一起而形成的。出露在其西部的透辉变粒岩的 TDM为 2 .6 7～ 2 .76 Ga,残余锆石 SHRIMP年龄为 2 .5～ 2 .6 Ga,表明透辉变粒岩的物质主要来自新太古代 ,基本没有或少有太古宙以后的陆壳物质混合 ,同时也说明透辉变粒岩的原岩形成时在其附近应该有新太古代岩块存在。     

Multi-Element Isotope Dilution Sector Field ICP-MS: A Precise Technique for the Analysis of Geological Materials and its Application to Geological Reference Materials

We present a multi-element technique for the simultaneous determination of twelve trace elements in geological materials by combined isotope dilution (ID) sector field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS) following simple sample digestion. In addition, the concentrations of fourteen other trace elements have been obtained using the ID determined elements as internal standards. This method combines the advantages of ID (high precision and accuracy) with those of SF-ICP-MS (multi-element capability, fast sample processing without element separation) and overcomes the most prevailing drawbacks of ICP-MS (matrix effects and drift in sensitivity). Trace element concentration data for BHVO-1 (n = 5) reproduced to within 1–3% RSD with an accuracy of 1–2% relative to respective literature values for ID values and 2–3% for all other values. We have applied this technique to the analysis of seventeen geological reference materials from the USGS, GSJ and IAG. The sample set also included the new USGS reference glasses BCR-2G, BHVO-2G and BIR-1G, as well as the MPI-DING reference glasses KL2-G and ML3B-G, and NIST SRM 612. Most data agreed within 3–4% with respective literature data. The concentration data for the USGS reference glasses agreed in most cases with respective data of the original rock powder within the combined standard uncertainty of the method (2–3%), except the U concentration of BIR-1G, which showed a three times higher concentration compared to BIR-1.     

Comparison of Linear Regression Models for Quantitative Geochemical Analysis: An Example Using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

This paper presents statistical aspects related to the calibration process and a comparison of different regression approaches of relevance to almost all analytical techniques. The models for ordinary least-squares (OLS), weighted least-squares (WLS), and maximum likelihood fitting (MLF) were evaluated and, as a case study, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) calibration curves for major elements in geochemical reference materials were used. The results showed that WLS and MLF models were statistically more consistent in comparison with the usually applied OLS approach. The use of uncertainty on independent and dependent variables during the calibration process and the calculation of final uncertainty on individual results using error propagation equations are the novel aspects of our work.     

Changes in the source and transport mechanism of terrigenous input to the Indian sector of Southern Ocean during the late Quaternary and its palaeoceanographic implications

Changes in the terrigenous sediment source and transport mechanisms during the late Quaternary have been investigated using four sediment cores within the Indian sector of Southern Ocean, using the magnetic susceptibility (MS) and sedimentological records. Sediments deposited during the Holocene and other interglacial periods were characterised by low MS, low sand content, reduced ice-rafted detritus (IRD) input and increased illite possibly transported via hydrographic advection from the south. The glacial intervals are characterised by high MS, high sand content, increased IRD input and reduced illite clays, derived from both local as well as Antarctic sources. Significant reduction in clay fraction and illite content during glacials suggests that the erosive and transporting capabilities of the deep and bottom waters could have reduced compared to the interglacial times. The changes in terrigenous influx to this region were significantly influenced by the rhythmic glacial-interglacial fluctuations in bottom circulation and the position of the Polar Front.     

Sr and Pb isotopic composition of five USGS glasses (BHVO-2G, BIR-1G, BCR-2G, TB-1G, NKT-1G)

Sr isotopic compositions and Rb / Sr ratios of three USGS glasses (BHVO-2G, BIR-1G, BCR-2G) are identical to those of the original USGS reference materials. NKT-1G and TB-1G give values of 0.70351 and 0.70558, respectively. Pb isotopic ratios were measured by the standard-sample bracketing technique on an MC-ICP-MS, which give results that are comparable in accuracy and reproducibility to double spike analyses. However, assessment of the reproducibility of the technique is hampered by inhomogeneous contamination of all USGS reference materials analysed. This contamination is likely to be the reason why the USGS glasses do not all have the same Pb isotopic composition as their unfused originals. Powdered glasses, distributed for characterisation of the glasses by bulk analytical techniques, do not all have the same Pb isotopic compositions as the solid glass material, and can therefore not be used for this purpose.     

Seepage problems in the right abutment of the Shahid Abbaspour dam, southern Iran

In this study, seepage phenomena through the right abutment of Shahid Abbaspour dam are investigated. The Shahid Abbaspour dam is a 200 m high arch dam, which regulates the waters of the Karun River, serves power generation, and flood control and irrigation needs. The dam site lies in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran. This region presents continuous series of mainly of karstic limestone, marl, shale and gypsum ranging in age from Jurassic to Pliocene. The region has subsequently been folded and faulted. Seepage from the Shahid Abbaspour reservoir occurs mainly through the karstic limestone.The basic foundation treatment of the dam consisted of consolidation grouting, a high-pressure grout curtain and a drainage curtain. Moreover, a 144 m high and 30 m wide concrete cutoff wall was built to prevent reservoir seepage through a clay-filled fracture zone in the right abutment. The grout curtain penetrates the “Principal Vuggy Zone” only beneath the central portion of the dam and below the cutoff wall. In the right abutment fan curtains were constructed to reduce drainage flows, but the seepage problem could not be solved. In order to determine the seepage direction and karstification pattern, hydrogeological studies have been carried out. Additional investigation boreholes have been drilled to monitor fluctuations in groundwater level. Besides these, water chemistry, dye tracer, pinhole and XRF tests have been carried out. As a result of these studies, seepage paths have been identified in the karstic limestone in the right abutment of the dam.     

苏北榴辉岩中金红石矿床的形成机制探索

通过对钛的迁移形式和条件的研讨,结合苏北地区的地质背景、有关矿物流体包裹体的化学成分、榴辉岩中有关矿物的化学成分、金红石的赋存状态、含金红石榴辉岩主要矿物组合等情况,认为该类金红石矿床的形成机制可描述为:华北、扬子两大板块碰撞、俯冲,将苏北地区地壳浅部的基性岩等带入上地幔的高温、高压、强还原富氢环境,岩石中部分钛呈氢化物活化。此后,由于地壳运动,榴辉岩折返、抬升,地幔深部的钛氢化物与岩石中活化的钛氢化物随榴辉岩一同迁移至地壳浅部,由于氧逸度大增,压力、温度大降,还原性气体逃逸、氧化,逐渐演化为相对氧化性的环境,钛氢化物被氧化成金红石、沉淀富集成矿。     

大宁岩体的基本特征及其与成矿作用的关系

大宁岩体由二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩及石英二长闪长岩组成,侵入时代为晚志留世(K—A r法407、445M a)。通过对岩体的微量元素、稀土元素及硫、铅、氧等同位素研究,认为银、金矿的成矿物质来自深源岩浆,大量的暗色包体是主要的成矿物质之一,在深大断裂的切割影响下,经多次构造活动,使得不同阶段的成矿物质富集并叠加而形成矿体。最利于A u、A g成矿的部位是花岗闪长岩与石英二长闪长岩的接触界线附近以及花岗闪长岩与围岩接触带附近的断裂交汇处。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组古岩溶特征

鄂尔多斯盆地下二叠统太原组为碳酸盐与陆源碎屑混合沉积,主要由灰岩、岩屑石英砂岩、泥岩和煤岩组成。太原组沉积时期鄂尔多斯盆地东部为碳酸盐与陆源碎屑混合沉积的陆表海潮坪沉积体系和三角洲沉积体系。北部发育三角洲前缘沉积。南部发育碳酸盐潮下带—潮间带及陆源碎屑潮下带。太原组中普遍发育冲刷充填现象,说明短期的沉积间断发生频繁。太原组中岩溶角砾岩发育,主要为镶嵌状角砾岩,见到少量裂缝角砾岩和紊乱角砾岩。太原组中的岩溶形成于同生期,没有形成岩溶地貌。与现代碳酸盐沉积物相比,太原组灰岩具有较高的Mn和Fe含量,明显低的Sr含量和δ18O值。这是由于埋藏作用和淡水淋滤所引起的,低的Sr含量和δ18O值主要由淡水淋滤所致。与大多数地质学家研究得出的二叠纪生物和非生物成因的方解石的δ13C值相比较,太原组方解石的δ13C值无明显差异。宏观和微观特征均说明太原组存在古岩溶。岩溶作用使得灰岩的储集性能在一定程度上得到了改善。