A hydropedological approach to quantifying groundwater recharge in various glacial settings of the mid‐continental USA

Data from six monitoring stations were combined with a soil‐water dynamics model (HYDRUS 1D) to achieve physically‐based estimates of shallow water‐table recharge in representative hydropedological settings of the glaciated midwestern U.S.A. Calibration involved inverse modeling that yielded optimized hydraulic parameters. Root mean square errors for modeled versus measured soil moisture contents were generally within 3% for all soil layers at the six study sites. The optimized models also accurately simulated recharge values that corresponded to observed water‐table fluctuations. Optimized parameter values were consistent with estimates from a pedotransfer function, lab analyses, and field experiments. Forward modeling indicated that shallow water‐table recharge in mid‐continent glacial settings is approximately 35% of precipitation, but interannual and monthly variability is significant. Soil parent materials and horizon characteristics influence recharge primarily through their control on K_s with clay‐rich till parent materials producing values as low as 16% and coarse‐grained outwash parent materials producing values as high as 58% of precipitation. During the three‐year study period, distinct seasonality of recharge was observed with most recharge occurring in the winter (seasonal mean of all sites was 66% of precipitation) and lesser but interannually stable amounts in the spring (44%), summer (13%), and autumn (16%). This research underscores the importance of incorporating pedological information into models of soil‐water dynamics and groundwater recharge. © 2015 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻种间竞争的影响

采用实验生态学方法,研究了不同起始密度下悬浮清洁疏浚物对中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum和赤潮异弯藻Heterosigma akashiwo生长的影响。研究结果表明,在实验室单培养条件下,清洁疏浚物培养液中,起始密度不同,微藻生长状况明显不同。起始密度为0.2×10⁴ cells·mL^-1时,进入指数生长期和静止期的时间延长,但生长所达到的最大细胞密度较高;起始密度为0.8×10⁴ cells·mL^-1时,进入指数生长期和静止期的时间缩短,但生长所达到的种群最大密度较低。混合培养条件下,清洁疏浚物培养液中,起始密度不同,导致了微藻种间竞争关系的变化,中肋骨条藻与赤潮异弯藻具有明显的种间竞争,赤潮异弯藻是竞争的优胜者,中肋骨条藻受到赤潮异弯藻的抑制,整个实验周期内细胞密度下降都非常明显,细胞密度明显低于单培养时的细胞密度,而赤潮异弯藻细胞密度并没有明显的减少。在3种不同质量浓度组清洁疏浚物培养液中,质量浓度最高的1 000 mg·L^-1培养液中藻细胞密度显著低于100 和500 mg·L^-1质量浓度组,而100 mg·L^-1培养液中藻细胞密度最高,说明清洁疏浚物质量浓度越高,对海洋微藻抑制影响越为明显,质量浓度越低,影响越小。     

阿尔泰山南缘赛都金矿床的构造-成矿流体及其演化

赛都金矿床位于新疆额尔齐斯构造带北西段,矿体受韧性剪切构造带的控制,赋存于玛尔卡库里巨型剪切带内的蚀变糜棱岩带内.构造-成矿流体早期以中高温、富CO2-N2等挥发分为特征,包裹体均一温度252.0～408.0℃;中期以CO2-H2O流体为主,包裹体均一温度203.0～325.8℃,反映了中温热液特征;中晚期演化为中低温、中低盐度的盐水溶液体系,包裹体均一温度120.0～221.0℃.矿石中黄铁矿的δ34S变化范围在3.53‰～5.88‰之间;铅同位素组成的206Pb/204Pb变化于18.099 7～18.358 5,207Pb/204Pb变化于15.487 7～15.579 0,208Pb/204Pb变化于38.111 6～38.355 1.硫铅同位素研究表明成矿物质是从深部富集的,在造山作用过程中从深部岩石通过热液萃取获得.主要的金矿化与后碰撞造山的伸展构造环境有关,构造-成矿流体的演化特征与剪切带演化过程相吻合.     

Characterisation of Two New Reference Materials: STL-1, the Stewart Lepidolite and ZA-1, the Zapot Amazonite

The analysis of granitic pegmatites still remains a challenge because suitable natural reference materials are scarce or not available. Two new reference materials were prepared at the Smithsonian Institution, to provide an avenue to pursue the geochemical analysis of micas and feldspars in granitic pegmatites: STL-1, the Stewart lepidolite (NMNH 174041) and ZA-1, the Zapot amazonite (NMNH 174042). STL-1 was prepared from lepidolite collected from the lithium-rich Stewart pegmatite, San Diego County, California (33°22'52'N, 117°03'41'W). ZA-1 was prepared from an amazonite from the topaz-bearing Zapot pegmatite, Mineral County, Nevada, (38° 41'N, 118 °33'W). The results of this study indicated that STL-1 and ZA-1 are homogeneous and could be used as reference materials that would allow the expansion of calibration curves in XRF analysis up to 16000 μg g⁻¹ for Rb, 2000 μg g⁻¹ for Cs and 100 μg g⁻¹ for Tl. STL-1 and ZA-1 also contain unusually high concentrations of Ga and Tl, and STL-1 of Nb.     

Sulfur Determination in Geological Samples Based on Coupled Analytical Techniques: Electric Furnace-IC and TGA-EGA

A study has been undertaken to determine sulfur in geological samples by coupled analytical techniques. Two measurement methods have been developed: one using an electric furnace coupled to an ion chromatograph (electric furnace-IC) and another using infrared (IR) and quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) for evolved gas analysis (EGA) coupled with a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA). In the electric furnace-IC method, measurement was performed without any sample pre-treatment. The measurement conditions were optimised by varying sample quantity, type of catalyst (WO₃, Cu, W and V₂O₅) and sample/catalyst ratio, and the detection limit was 10 μg g⁻¹. Sulfur ores decompose at different temperatures. However, TGA-EGA allowed identification of the different forms of sulfur in the sample, even when they were found in very low concentrations, because the sulfur was continuously analysed. The developed chromatographic method allowed simultaneous analysis of several sample components, such as S, Cl and F, with a low detection limit. The method was much faster and more specific than the methods described in the literature. The results of the sulfur determination had low scatter, possibly because the samples underwent little handling during analysis: the operator only weighed and placed the sample in the furnace, the rest of the measurement process was fully automated. The results obtained by both the developed methods have been validated by using reference materials and comparison with combustion-IR spectroscopy, a standard method for determining total sulfur in a sample.     

Trends In U.S. Hazardous Materials Transportation Spills

This paper examines historical and spatial trends in hazardous materials transportation spills from 1971 to 1991. While the number of spills Inc.reased steadily during the 1970s, peaking in 1978–1979, there has been a decline in frequency sInc.e then largely due to modifications in reporting. Monetary damages have the opposite temporal pattern, with major Inc.reases recorded from 1982 onward. Death and injury statistics are more variable. Spatially, accidents are more prevalent in the Rust Belt extending from the Northeast corridor westward to the Great Lakes states, as well as in the Southeast. The greatest potential risk to the public is found in smaller, more densely populated industrial states such as New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. The spatial distribution, however, has not changed. Potential risk sources (e.g., chemical industry, number of hazardous waste facilities, number of railroad miles) are the best predictors of hazmat Inc.ident frequency. Mitigation efforts (statewide regulatory and/or management policies) also help explain the variability in hazmat Inc.idents.     

永安地磁台的勘选与建设

介绍地磁台建设中场地勘选、建设方案以及材料的选择与检测、磁场梯度监控的一些方法.实践证明,永安地磁台的台址堪选与建设满足地磁台站建设规范的技术要求,说明方法切实有效,可以为其他地磁台站的新建、改造提供参考.     

抑螺防病林建设中生物材料的筛选及抑螺机理研究进展

血吸虫病是一种严重危害人们身体健康的重大传染病,林业血防生态工程建设是防治血吸虫病的有效手段,生物材料的筛选是林业血防建设的重要环节。阐述了抑螺防病林建设中生物(植物、微生物)材料筛选及研究进展,并从钉螺生理响应和解剖结构等方面系统分析了生物材料抑螺机理。