断陷湖盆陡坡带油气成藏类型及其分布规律探讨

断陷湖盆陡坡带油气生、储、盖层的发育与陆相层序中的体系域具有一定的成因联系,不同的陆相层序样式可构成不同的生、储、盖层组合,综合考虑陆相层序储集体类型及其特征,将断陷湖盆陡坡带油气成藏类型归纳为三大类,八亚类,十种。它们分别是：岩性上倾尖灭,岩性下倾尖灭,岩性透镜体,岩性相变,地层不整合,地层削截,地层超覆,地层退覆,构造－岩性复合,构造－地层复合等油气成藏类型,这些油气成藏类型在断陷湖盆陡坡带陆相层序各个体系域中的分布具不均衡性,以水进体系域为最,其次为水退休系域和高水位体系域,低水位体系域较少,从陆相层序各体系域中成藏类型的空间展布规律来看,水进体系域是陆相断陷湖盆陡坡带油气勘探的重要目的层段。     

白令海盆17ka以来的古海洋与古气候记录

通过白令海盆08BR02钻孔(57°0.06'N,174°29.97'E,水深3 805 m)的AMS14C测年数据、颜色反射率b*与NGRIP(North Greenland Ice Core Project)氧同位素曲线及白令海4个钻孔颜色反射率b*记录作对比,建立该孔的地层年代框架,顶、底部沉积物年龄分别为4.2 ka和17.0 ka。该孔自17 ka以来,IRD(ice-rafted detritus:冰筏碎屑)、粒度的砂组分以及敏感组分中的33—63μm组分百分含量在全球性冷事件H1(Heinrich event 1)、B/A(Blling/Allerd)中期和YD(Younger Dryas)期间明显增加。IRD和有孔虫丰度在H1、B/A和YD期间同步增加,可能反映海冰融化为表层水提供营养物质,促使表层钙质生产力勃发并将有机质进一步输送至海底,为底栖生物提供营养物质。     

Contrasting conditions preceding MIS3 and MIS2 Heinrich events

This paper presents an integrated multi-tracer study performed on piston cores recovered in the glacial ice-rafted detritus belt, stretching from Newfoundland to the Irish margin across the North Atlantic (40–55°N), in order to compare in detail the internal structure of each Heinrich event (HE). These tracers are IRD counts (quartz, dolomite, volcanic grains), their Nd isotopic composition and Ar–Ar datings of individual hornblende grains. A focus on the detailed structure of HE confirms that all intervals of massive sediment flux, specifically Heinrich layers HL1-to-5 (HLs), were dominated by North American, Laurentide ice-sheet surges from Hudson Strait, that are evident as far east as the Bay of Biscay (European margin). The sequences of events leading up to the HLs, however, present significant dissimilarities. One important difference is that HL2 and HL1 were preceded by “precursor events” (increases in the number of lithic grains per gram from non-Laurentide sediment sources). Sediment debris derived from near-simultaneous iceberg releases originating from the European ice-sheet are only detectable close to the European margin. In contrast there are no comparable precursor events before HL5 and HL4. This observation implies that precursor events are unlikely to be mechanistically linked to the triggering of HEs. The similarity of the HLs, against contrasting background conditions, is a significant observation that should add constraints to their origin.     

新疆琼河坝地区铁矿床类型及其成矿特征

新疆琼河坝位于准噶尔成矿带东段,是一个潜在的以铁、铜、金为主的矿集区。区内铁矿床(点)众多,以往的找矿和研究工作大多聚焦于矽卡岩型富铁矿,对其他类型的铁矿床缺乏足够的重视。为了拓宽琼河坝地区铁矿床勘查思路,需要对区内铁矿床的类型和成矿特征进行系统归纳。文章在野外调查和室内测试分析的基础上,依据矿床(点)的产出地质环境、矿体及矿石矿物成分特征,结合铁矿石主要矿物的主量、微量及稀土元素特征,将琼河坝地区铁矿床划分为矽卡岩型、火山岩型、岩浆分异型、火山间歇期沉积型和湖相沉积型5种类型。矽卡岩型、火山岩型、岩浆分异型和火山间歇期沉积型铁矿赋存在晚古生代泥盆纪—石炭纪火山岩中,湖相沉积型铁矿床赋存于中侏罗统湖沼相含煤碎屑沉积岩中。火山间歇期沉积型铁矿床是在琼河坝地区首次发现的新类型,矿体赋存部位、矿石颗粒磨圆度及胶结成分特征均显示了该类铁矿成矿作用的特殊性。从找矿角度分析,目前主攻方向为矽卡岩型铁矿,而火山岩型铁矿是下一步找矿研究的重点。     

澳大利亚北卡那封盆地中上三叠统Mungaroo三角洲陆源有机质分布特征

北卡那封盆地中上三叠统Mungaroo组发育巨型浅水辫状河三角洲——Mungaroo三角洲。利用钻井、岩心资料,并结合区域地质背景,将Mungaroo三角洲划分为近端三角洲平原、远端三角洲平原、三角洲前缘、前三角洲4个沉积亚相,其中近端三角洲平原与远端三角洲平原亚相分布广泛,三角洲前缘与前三角洲亚相欠发育。陆源有机质分析表明:(1)研究区目的层段沉积时期,在环特提斯洋巨型季风洪水的影响下,泥炭沼泽普遍遭受冲刷改造,有机质类型主要为分散有机质,仅远端三角洲平原发育薄煤层;(2)不同相带受季风洪水的影响差异较大,近端三角洲平原受洪水改造强烈,砂砾岩发育,夹薄层泥岩,泥岩中有机质显微组分主要为惰质组,镜质组大部分遭受氧化;(3)远端三角洲平原的沼泽沉积尽管受到洪水频繁冲刷,但仍发育多套薄煤层,泥岩中陆源有机质最为丰富,显微组分以镜质组为主;(4)三角洲前缘和前三角洲相带窄,沉积物中陆源有机质含量较低。远端三角洲平原烃源岩有机质生烃潜力最大,除发育广泛的薄煤层外,暗色泥岩中平均TOC含量可达4.11％。上述沉积相带与陆源有机质分布规律体现了强季风洪水影响下大型辫状河三角洲的沉积特点。     

基于主成分分析的化探异常圈定新方法——以新疆西准噶尔地区1:50000岩屑数据为例

以新疆西准噶尔地区阿克巴斯陶1∶50 000万岩屑数据为对象,利用相关、偏相关分析和R型聚类分析确定研究区成矿元素组合为Cu-Mo-Zn-W-Sb-Bi-As(铜钼成矿组合)与Au-As-Bi(金成矿组合);基于主成分分析,以线性方法将2组成矿元素重组为新的变量N1(Cu-Mo-Zn-W-Sb-Bi-As)与N2(Au-Bi-As),新变量中各元素权重根据主成分分析所得特征向量值大小决定;运用分形含量-面积法提取新变量异常下限并生成综合异常图。结合野外地质检查,成功圈定两处成矿潜力区,为下一步工作提供有力依据。     

北大西洋IODP U1313站位早更新世深海沉积物陆源组分粒度特征及其环境意义*

北大西洋地区是全球环境变化研究的热点区域。对IODP（国际综合大洋钻探计划）北大西洋306航次U1313站位深海沉积物陆源组分的粒度分析发现,陆源组分主要由黏土(粒径小于4μm)和极细粉沙(4～8μm)两个粒级构成,以黏土为主,分选性较差。通过与钙质超微化石、有孔虫等生物化石资料和同位素测年等技术相结合,重建了古气候的变化情况：(1)2.415～1.897 Ma BP,气候呈周期性波动;(2)1.897～1.640 Ma BP,气候变化相对平缓;(3)1.640～1.471 Ma BP,气候波动剧烈且频繁。粒度指标所反映的几次粗颗粒增多事件与早更新世期间数次气候变冷事件的发生时间一致。1.6 Ma BP前后粒度参数的突然变化,可能与地球轨道参数的改变有关,进一步证实地球轨道参数作为气候系统外部驱动力的重要性。     

Use of particle-size data to predict potential pelagic-fish yields of some southern African areas

A particle-size spectrum model is used to estimate standing stocks of some pelagic fish from measurements of phytoplankton chlorophyll in two exploited regions in southern Africa (southern Benguela and off South West Africa/Namibia) and in two unexploited regions (the Agulhas Bank and off the eastern Cape Province). The model is based on the assumption that equal biomasses occur in logarithmically equal size classes in the pelagic marine environment. Phytoplankton, with an equivalent spherical diameter ranging from 1 to 128 μm, occupy 21 size classes on the logarithmic scale. Two different size ranges are assumed for some commercial, pelagic fish species, equivalent to exploitation with two different purse-seine mesh sizes. A mesh of 12,7 mm would catch 8 size classes of pilchard, horse mackerel and anchovy whereas a mesh of 32 mm would catch only 3,3 size classes of pilchard and horse mackerel. From the model, the potential biomass of these commercial pelagic fish is estimated, after allowing for the presence of other commercial and non-commercial fish and other taxa in the exploited size range. Total pelagic fish production is estimated by assuming constant turnover rates of 1·y^?1 and 1,5·y^?1 when exploited with 32 and 12,7 mm mesh nets respectively. Consideration of the maximum and mean reported catches in the exploited areas indicates that only some 25 per cent of pelagic fish production is exploitable by man. On this basis, the unexploited Agulhas Bank region may yield some 400 000 metric tons (wet) of pelagic fish of the species considered, and the East Coast region some 90 000 tons. Exploitation in these regions cannot be recommended, because the Agulhas Bank is an important spawning ground for many pelagic species, and the fish in both regions probably act as a reserve buffer for the heavily exploited pelagic resource of the Western Cape.     

置换碎石桩联合强夯在北部湾填海复杂型软弱地基处理中的应用

从广西北部湾大量填海（塘）造陆工业基地所遇到的复杂型软弱与夹层地基处理工程实例中,结合建（构）筑物具体特点,扩展应用置换（挤密加固,纵横排水）碎石桩联合强夯的地基处理方法,在解决大面积地基不均匀沉降,软弱夹层纵横排水与挤密固结、综合夯实提高总体地基持力层承载力方面取得了“安全、经济、高效”的良好效果,并具有推广前景和意义。     

Influence of an oxygen minimum zone and macroalgal enrichment on benthic megafaunal community composition in a NE Pacific submarine canyon

Megafaunal diversity in the deep sea shows a parabolic pattern with depth. It can be affected by factors such as low oxygen concentration, which suppresses diversity, or the presence of submarine canyons, which enhances it. Barkley Canyon, located off the west coast of British Columbia, Canada, is a submarine canyon that extends from the continental margin (200 m) into the deep ocean (2,000 m). This canyon receives drift kelp from shoreline kelp forests and contains an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) at 500 to 1,500 m depth. Our study investigated the abundance and diversity of epibenthic megafauna over a range of depths (200–2,000 m) and oxygen concentrations (0.5–5.0 ml/L) within Barkley Canyon, as well as changes in abundance near detrital kelp. Video was collected using the remotely operated vehicle ROPOS along seven 1‐km cross‐canyon (i.e., across the axis of the canyon) transects and three 40‐m perpendicular cross‐transects over kelp. Taxonomic groups were associated with depth, temperature, and the presence of pebbles. The OMZ restricted pennatulids, and edge effects along OMZ boundaries were observed for ophiuroids. The geomorphology of the sea floor affected the distribution of taxa across the canyon, with Porifera mainly found along the walls and Echinoidea within the canyon axis. Expected richness exhibited a bimodal pattern, peaking at 300 and 2,000 m, possibly due to the combined effect of the OMZ and the submarine canyon. Echinoidea aggregated near drift kelp at 200 and 300 m. We found that faunal communities in Barkley Canyon were influenced by several confounded factors including depth, oxygen and substrate. Understanding faunal patterns is paramount with increased exploitation and a changing climate.